Vaccines against bluetongue in Europe

Savini, Giovanni; Maclachlan, Nigel J; Sánchez-Vizcaı́no, J.M.; Zientara, Stéphan

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.006

Cited by 183 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Due to these three requirements (multi-serotypes, safety and DIVA properties), vaccination against BTV can be a difficult and controversial issue. Below, we summarize the findings of a recent review [86] on the pros and cons of inactivated and attenuated vaccines.…”

Section: 'Helper' T Cell Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These vaccines provide robust protection after one injection for at least one year and they are cheap to produce [86]. However, these vaccines are not always safe, especially in some susceptible breeds [98].…”

Section: Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can generate mild clinical signs after injection, abortions, transiently depressed milk production and decreased semen quality [86]. Moreover, as the vaccine virus can elicit a viraemia of over two weeks in vaccinated sheep [98], they can be spread to vectors with the potential for reversion to virulence and/or reassortment with genes of the wild-type virus giving rise to novel BTV strains with modified virulence [86]. Finally, attenuated vaccines are not DIVA vaccines.…”

Section: Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inactivated vaccines can generate a safe and protective immunity if properly prepared [86]. However, a single vaccination may induce only the transient detection of neutralizing antibodies and it is usually insufficient to provide an immunity that lasts for several months (particularly in cattle).…”

Section: Inactivated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a single vaccination may induce only the transient detection of neutralizing antibodies and it is usually insufficient to provide an immunity that lasts for several months (particularly in cattle). Nonetheless, a strong and long-term immunity can be elicited by two injections [86]. DIVA inactivated BT vaccines are theoretically possible but have not yet been developed.…”

Section: Inactivated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bluetongue virus: virology, pathogenesis and immunity

et al. 2008

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-Bluetongue (BT) virus, an orbivirus of the Reoviridae family encompassing 24 known serotypes, is transmitted to ruminants via certain species of biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and causes thrombo-hemorrhagic fevers mainly in sheep. During the 20th century, BTV was endemic in sub-tropical regions but in the last ten years, new strains of BTV (serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 16) have appeared in Europe leading to a devastating disease in naive sheep and bovine herds (serotype 8). BTV enters into insect cells via the viral inner core VP7 protein and in mammalian cells via the external capsid VP2 haemagglutinin, which is the major determinant of BTV serotype and neutralization. BTV replicates in mononuclear phagocytes and endothelial cells where it induces expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as apoptosis. BTV can remain as nonreplicating entities concealed in erythrocytes for up to five months. Homologous protection against one BTV serotype involves neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses directed to the external VP2 and VP5 proteins, whereas heterologous protection is supported by T cells directed to the NS1 non structural protein and inner core proteins.

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Section: 'Helper' T Cell Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%