Vaccines and Drug Therapeutics to Lock Down Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Aldhaleei, Wafa Ali; Rovetta, Alessandro; Rahmani, Jamal

doi:10.7759/cureus.8342

Cited by 38 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Further, colleges in the United States cost more than higher education institutions nearly anywhere else in the world [ 24 ]; therefore, financial concerns may be particularly apparent in the United States. The United States also experienced the lowest global recovery rate from infection–in other words, the highest mortality rate post-infection–in the weeks leading up to the timing of the current study (April and May, 2020) [ 25 ]. This country continues to witness the highest incidence and mortality rates among Global North countries [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States

et al. 2021

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Background University students are increasingly recognized as a vulnerable population, suffering from higher levels of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and disordered eating compared to the general population. Therefore, when the nature of their educational experience radically changes—such as sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic—the burden on the mental health of this vulnerable population is amplified. The objectives of this study are to 1) identify the array of psychological impacts COVID-19 has on students, 2) develop profiles to characterize students' anticipated levels of psychological impact during the pandemic, and 3) evaluate potential sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and awareness of people infected with COVID-19 risk factors that could make students more likely to experience these impacts. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected through web-based questionnaires from seven U.S. universities. Representative and convenience sampling was used to invite students to complete the questionnaires in mid-March to early-May 2020, when most coronavirus-related sheltering in place orders were in effect. We received 2,534 completed responses, of which 61% were from women, 79% from non-Hispanic Whites, and 20% from graduate students. Results Exploratory factor analysis on close-ended responses resulted in two latent constructs, which we used to identify profiles of students with latent profile analysis, including high (45% of sample), moderate (40%), and low (14%) levels of psychological impact. Bivariate associations showed students who were women, were non-Hispanic Asian, in fair/poor health, of below-average relative family income, or who knew someone infected with COVID-19 experienced higher levels of psychological impact. Students who were non-Hispanic White, above-average social class, spent at least two hours outside, or less than eight hours on electronic screens were likely to experience lower levels of psychological impact. Multivariate modeling (mixed-effects logistic regression) showed that being a woman, having fair/poor general health status, being 18 to 24 years old, spending 8 or more hours on screens daily, and knowing someone infected predicted higher levels of psychological impact when risk factors were considered simultaneously. Conclusion Inadequate efforts to recognize and address college students’ mental health challenges, especially during a pandemic, could have long-term consequences on their health and education.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States

et al. 2021

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“…Additionally, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) will be activated by LV-DC presenting COVID-19 specific antigens. Healthy and COVID-19 positive subjects will receive LV-DC vaccine and antigen-specific CTLs and safety, as well as clinical improvement, lung injury, mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, among other parameters, will be determined for this vaccine [175,176]. Results regarding are estimated to be available by 2024 [175].…”

Section: Modulation Of Dendritic Cell As Prospects For the Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic cells in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis: insights for a possible role in determining disease outcome

Borges

Hohmann

Borghi

2020

International Reviews of Immunology

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“…Short-term, reactive virology-based measures (e.g., quarantines, repurposed drugs, etc.) are required to contain the present SARS-CoV-2 outbreak ( Farsalinos et al, 2020 ; Nitulescu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Bhagavathula et al, 2020 ; Skalny et al, 2020 ; Torequl Islam et al, 2020 ). However, the long-term, proactive toxicology-based measures required to intrinsically strengthen the immune system and prevent such future outbreaks have not been addressed.…”

Section: Role Of Sars-cov-2 In Emergence Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The under-reported role of toxic substance exposures in the COVID-19 pandemic

Kostoff

Briggs²,

Porter

et al. 2020

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and previous pandemics have been viewed almost exclusively as virology problems, with toxicology problems mostly being ignored. This perspective is not supported by the evolution of COVID-19, where the impact of real-life exposures to multiple toxic stressors degrading the immune system is followed by the SARS-CoV-2 virus exploiting the degraded immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to COVID-19. This immune system degradation from multiple toxic stressors (chemical, physical, biological, psychosocial stressors) means that attribution of serious consequences from COVID-19 should be made to the virus-toxic stressors nexus, not to any of the nexus constituents in isolation. The leading toxic stressors (identified in this study as contributing to COVID-19) are pervasive, contributing to myriad chronic diseases as well as immune system degradation. They increase the likelihood for comorbidities and mortality associated with COVID-19. For the short-term, tactical/reactive virology-focused treatments are of higher priority than strategic/proactive toxicology-focused treatments, although both could be implemented in parallel to reinforce each other. However, for long-term pandemic prevention, toxicology-based approaches should be given higher priority than virology-based approaches. Since current COVID-19 treatments globally ignore the toxicology component almost completely, only limited benefits can be expected from these treatments.

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Vaccines and Drug Therapeutics to Lock Down Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

Abstract: Bhagavathula et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Cited by 38 publications

References 40 publications

Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States

Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States

Dendritic cells in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis: insights for a possible role in determining disease outcome

The under-reported role of toxic substance exposures in the COVID-19 pandemic

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