Vaccines and vaccination—past, present and future¹

Abstract

1. Immunisation was first practised as early as the 10th century when small doses of smallpox material administered by unusual routes were used to immunise against smallpox. The procedure was introduced into England in the early part of the 18th century. 2. The next major development was the use by Jenner of cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox in the late 18th century. 3. Some eighty years later came the classic studies of Pasteur developing vaccines for fowl cholera, anthrax and rabies. 4. The studies of Jenner and Pasteur established the major principles of vaccination which are in use to this day. 5. The major viral diseases of the domestic fowl were recognised during the 1920s and 1930s and in most cases vaccines were developed within 5 years of the discovery of the viral nature of the cause of each disease. 6. The desirable properties of poultry vaccines required by the user and producer are not completely fulfilled by currently available vaccines. 7. There is a need to use the opportunities provided by modern biotechnology and immunology to search for and develop vaccines that better fulfil the desirable properties of poultry vaccines. 8. There are a number of strategies available for the development of novel vaccines, some of which are appropriate for the needs of poultry vaccines.

The safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review

“…This was first recorded in Chinese literature, whereby ingesting small amounts of poison could prevent potential fatality of a larger poison dose [7,8]. Furthering these basic principles of vaccination, research conducted by Louis Pasteur in the 19th century resulted in the discovery of attenuated pathogens that were inoculated into a subject, in order to prevent a potential ensuing infection when exposed to the same pathogen [9]. A significant aspect of this discovery was the ability to attenuate a pathogen [10].…”

Management factors associated with the survival and market weight of broiler chickens among small-scale farmers in the Dodoma City of Tanzania

“…As a result, disease prevention is one of the most important management practices in broiler chicken production. Vaccination prevents disease occurrence by boosting the chickens' immune system to produce antibodies for fighting pathogens [ 50 , 51 ]. A proper vaccination programme increases the survival of the chickens and reduces the use of antibiotics and other drugs, which may have a residual impact on consumers [ 52 , 53 ].…”

A systematic and thematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA vaccine indexed in Scopus database

“… 1 Research conducted by Louis Pasteur in the 19th century resulted in the discovery of attenuated pathogens that were inoculated into a subject, to prevent them from infection when exposed to the same pathogen. 2 …”