Vacuum‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells: Materials and Methods

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on inexpensive organic−inorganic hybrid semiconductors are considered a promising next‐generation solar cell technology. For PSC commercialization, the further development of efficient and scalable fabrication methods is essential. To date, solution‐based methods have been widely studied due to simplicity and cost‐effectiveness. Despite the advantages, it is still necessary for developing vacuum‐based methods as the alternative methods due to reproducibility and uniformity with in a large area. However, it is insufficiently studied for a systematic understanding of vacuum‐based methods. To give helpful insight for understanding vacuum‐based methods for PSC commercialization, this review introduces the precursor and charge transporting materials with the various preparation methods for vacuum‐processed PSCs.

Recent Progress in Coating Methods for Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Module Fabrication

“…There have been many studies reported on scalable perovskite films using blade coating. [ 57 ] Controlling the perovskite film's crystallization in this procedure is more difficult because the solvent evaporates very slowly. Consequently, it is quite challenging to create a dense, consistent film during the process.…”

“…Thickness and morphology of the films are investigated by the meniscuses’ shapes, the coating speed, the solution feed rate, etc. [ 57 ] Slot‐die printing is broadly used techniques for scaling up PSCs and PSMs. This may produce homogenous perovskite films across greater regions with adequate optimization and control, which enhances the performance of PSCs.…”

Cutting‐Edge Studies Toward Commercialization of Large Area Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The difference in PCE between unit cell and module increased with an increase in the active area, resulting in the largest gap of ≈30% at an active area of over 100 cm 2 . [ 12,13 ]…”

“…Perovskite precursor engineering is to design the precursor solution suitably for each coating process, and it is the most important factor for obtaining scalable perovskite film with high crystallinity, reproducibility, and uniformity over a large area. [ 12,40 ] In this section, we review the research progress on solution processes for fabricating PSMs with an active area above 10 cm 2 over the last three years, and discuss the essential factors for precursor engineering and the advanced processes.…”

Vacuum-Processed Propylene Urea Additive: A Novel Approach for Controlling the Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 Crystals in All Vacuum-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The vacuum-processed PSC fabrication method through codeposition, sequential deposition, or single-source deposition of precursor materials can help fabricate a uniform and homogeneous film on a large area with better control of film thickness regardless of the substrates and fabrication condition. 7,8 Moreover, better reproducibility with a solventfree process makes vacuum-based methods suitable for upscale and commercialization by including a solar module and tandem device. 9−12 The coevaporation method is the most popular vacuum-processed method that simultaneously sublimates multiple precursors onto substrates in a high vacuum chamber.…”