Vacuum vapour phase polymerised poly(3,4-ethyelendioxythiophene) thin films for use in large-scale electrochromic devices

Fabretto, Manrico; Autere, Jussi-Petteri; Höglinger, Doris; Field, S.J.; Murphy, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.016

Cited by 48 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…[ 126 ] Upon the basis of the pioneering work on the VPP technique by Winther-Jensen et al, [ 127 ] recent developments have widely seen the conductivity of PEDOT exceeded 1000 S cm −1 . [128][129][130][131][132][133] Fabretto et al [ 133 ] synthesis PEDOT fi lms on Fe(III) Tosylate (Fe(Tos) 3 )/glycol coated substrates through a vacuum VPP technique, producing a maximum conductivity of ca. 3400 S cm −1 , which compared favorably to ITO and its currently touted replacements.…”

Section: Other Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Shi

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2015

Adv Elect Materials

979

812

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The rapid development of novel organic technologies has led to significant applications of the organic electronic devices such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and field‐effect transistors. There is a great need for conducting polymers with high conductivity and transparency to act as the charge transport layer or electrical interconnect in organic devices. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS), well‐known as the most remarkable conducting polymer, has this role owing to its good film‐forming properties, high transparency, tunable conductivity, and excellent thermal stability. In this Review, various of interesting physical and chemical approaches that can effectively improve the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS are summarized, focusing especially on the mechanism of the conductivity enhancement as well as applications of PEDOT:PSS films. Prospects for future research efforts are also provided. It is expected that PEDOT:PSS films with high conductivity and transparency could be the focus of future organic electronic materials breakthroughs.

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Section: Other Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Shi

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2015

Adv Elect Materials

979

812

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“…35 The assertion that all spent oxidant is washed out is supported by several studies which used XPS evidence to conclude that simple methanol or ethanol washing steps were sufficient to remove all traces of Fe(II) from similar VPP− PEDOT systems. 9,34,35 The removal of PEG−PPG is also likely, although a recent study has used XPS and other evidence to suggest the incorporation of a PEG−PPG copolymer into the VPP−PEDOT matrix itself. 35 A theoretical value for the volume reduction can be estimated using the assumptions that 2.5 mol iron(III)tosylate is used to oxidize 1 mol EDOT, that 0.3 mol tosylate remains as dopant in the VPP:PEDOT after washing, that the mass ratio of PEG−PPG to iron(III) tosylate is 0.325 (ink formulation 16 wt % Fe(III) tosylate +6 wt % PEG−PPG in butanol), that all solvent is removed prior to VPP, and that the density of the reactants is unity.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor Phase Polymerization of EDOT from Submicrometer Scale Oxidant Patterned by Dip-Pen Nanolithography

et al. 2012

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Some of the most exciting recent advances in conducting polymer synthesis have centered around the method of vapor phase polymerization (VPP) of thin films. However, it is not known whether the VPP process can proceed using significantly reduced volumes of oxidant and therefore be implemented as part of nanolithography approach. Here, we present a strategy for submicrometer scale patterning of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via in situ VPP. Attolitre (10 -18 L) volumes of oxidant "ink" are controllably deposited using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). DPN patterning of the oxidant ink is facilitated by the incorporation of an amphiphilic block copolymer thickener, an additive that also assists with stabilization of the oxidant. When exposed to EDOT monomer in a VPP chamber, each deposited feature localizes the synthesis of conducting PEDOT structures of several micrometers down to 250 nm in width. PEDOT patterns are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive AFM, two probe electrical measurement, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, evidencing in situ vapor phase synthesis of conducting polymer at a scale (picogram) which is much smaller than that previously reported. Although the process of VPP on this scale was achieved, we highlight some of the challenges that need to be overcome to make this approach feasible in an applied setting. ABSTRACT: Some of the most exciting recent advances in conducting polymer synthesis have centered around the method of vapor phase polymerization (VPP) of thin films. However, it is not known whether the VPP process can proceed using significantly reduced volumes of oxidant and therefore be implemented as part of nanolithography approach. Here, we present a strategy for submicrometer scale patterning of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via in situ VPP. Attolitre (10 −18 L) volumes of oxidant "ink" are controllably deposited using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). DPN patterning of the oxidant ink is facilitated by the incorporation of an amphiphilic block copolymer thickener, an additive that also assists with stabilization of the oxidant. When exposed to EDOT monomer in a VPP chamber, each deposited feature localizes the synthesis of conducting PEDOT structures of several micrometers down to 250 nm in width. PEDOT patterns are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive AFM, two probe electrical measurement, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, evidencing in situ vapor phase synthesis of conducting polymer at a scale (picogram) which is much smaller than that previously reported. Although the process of VPP on this scale was achieved, we highlight some of the challenges that need to be overcome to make this approach feasible in an applied setting.

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“…By careful selection of additives and polymerisation parameters, PEDOT films with conductivities above 1000 S cm -1 have been prepared using VPP. [148] To produce better quality films, a weak base like pyridine can be added to the oxidant solution. [149] It will increase the pH, which slows down the reaction and prevents acid-initiated polymerisation that results in lower conductivity films.…”

Section: Vapour Phase Polymerisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Control of Cell Cultures Using Conjugated Polymer Surfaces

Persson¹

2014

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In the field of bioelectronics various electronic materials and devices are used in combination with biological systems in order to create novel applications within cell biology and medicine. A famous example of a successful bioelectronics application is the pacemaker. Metals are the most common electrical conductors, whereas polymers are generally considered being insulators. However, in the late 1970s it was shown that a special class of polymers with conjugated double bonds, could in fact, after some chemical modifications, conduct electricity. This was the start of the research field known as conducting polymers, and then later on organic electronics, a research area that has grown rapidly during the last decades. Conjugated polymers are also suitable to interact and interface with cells and tissues, as they are generally soft, flexible and biocompatible. In addition, their chemical properties can be tailor-made through synthesis to fit biological requirements and functions. During the last years applications using organic bioelectronics have become numerous. This thesis describes applications based on different conjugated polymers aiming to stimulate and control cell cultures. When culturing cells it is of interest to be able to control events such as adhesion, spreading, proliferation, differentiation and detachment. First, the impact of different polymer compositions and redox states on the adhesion of bacteria and subsequent biofilm formation was investigated. Similar polymer electrodes were also used to steer differentiation of neural stem cells, through changes in the surface exposure of a relevant biomolecule. Controlled delivery of molecules was achieved by coating nanoporous membranes with polymers that swell and contract when changing the redox state. Finally, electronic control over cell detachment using a water-soluble polymer was achieved. When applying a positive potential to this polymer, it swells, cracks and finally detaches, taking the cells that was cultured on top along with it. Together, the work and results presented in this thesis demonstrate a versatile conjugated polymer technology to achieve electronic control of the different growth stages of cell cultures as well as cellular functions. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNINGOlika plaster finns numera överallt omkring oss och utgör ett av de absolut vanligaste materialen i vår vardag. Även elektronik har blivit en naturlig del av vår tillvaro och finns i en mängd olika produkter. Inom medicinsk teknik kommer allt fler applikationer som innefattar elektronik, ett exempel är pacemakern. Arbetet som ligger till grund för denna avhandling strävar efter att kombinera plaster och elektronik för tillämpningar inom medicin och cellbiologi.Plaster består till största delen av polymerer samt olika tillsatser för att få ett material med önskade egenskaper. Polymerer är i sin tur uppbyggda av långa kedjor av identiska molekylära byggstenar, så kallade monomerer. Monomerens kemi och struktur bestämmer även egenskaperna hos polymeren. Med hjä...

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Vacuum vapour phase polymerised poly(3,4-ethyelendioxythiophene) thin films for use in large-scale electrochromic devices

Cited by 48 publications

References 36 publications

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Vapor Phase Polymerization of EDOT from Submicrometer Scale Oxidant Patterned by Dip-Pen Nanolithography

Electronic Control of Cell Cultures Using Conjugated Polymer Surfaces

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