Vagal Regulation of Intracardiac Shunting in the Turtle Pseudemys Scripta

Abstract

Two principal hypotheses account for intracardiac shunting in reptiles. The ‘pressure shunting’ hypothesis proposes that there is no fuctional separation between the ventricular cava during systole. The ‘washout shunting’ hypothesis suggests that the cavum pulmonale is functionally separated from the rest of the ventricle during systole. The purpose of this study was to test the two principal hypotheses in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta, after inducing a right-to-left shunt by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30–40 mg kg-1), tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated. Two experimental groups were used. Both groups had the right and left cervical vagi exposed and sectioned and silver bipolar electrodes were attached for electrical stimulation. In addition, cardiac function was evaluated by determining the pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary arterial pressure, peak systolic pressure in the cavum pulmonale, central arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and heart rate. In group I, hydrogen electrodes were inserted into the right aorta, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery. Hydrogen, dissolved in saline, was infused into the left atrium, jugular vein and cavum pulmonale. Blood flow from these sites was deduced from detection of a H2 signal in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery. In group II, catheters were inserted in the left and right atria and aortae for the measurement of blood gases. For both groups, the protocol consisted of control periods and periods of electrical stimulation of the efferent and afferent ends of the vagus nerve. During the control periods, infusion of a H2 solution into either the left atrium or the jugular vein resulted in the detection of H2 in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery. This suggested that both right-to-left and left-to-right intracardiac shunts were present. H2 infused into the cavum pulmonale was always detected in the pulmonary artery but never in the left or right aortae. During stimulation of the right vagal efferents, a bradycardia developed (heart rate declined by 65 %), pulmonary blood flow was reduced by 73 % and pulmonary vascular resistance increased by 158 %. This was accompanied by a reduction in the PO2 of both the right and left aortae, although the PO2 of the left and right atria remained constant. Under these conditions, H2 infused into the jugular vein and the left atrium was detected in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery of all animals studied. Infusion of H2 into the cavum pulmonale was detected in the right and left aortae in only two animals. The results supported the washout mechanism for right-to-left intracardiac shunting.

Case report: An innovative non-invasive technique to manage shell injuries in C. carbonarius

“…The arterial blood gases can be altered by changes in either ventilation or cardiac shunting patterns. For this reason, reptiles can be extremely hypoxemic tolerant, surviving for long periods under hypoxic or anoxic conditions ( 24 – 27 ). In this case, the tortoise did not present apnea with the administered dose of rocuronium, which proved to be safe for the anesthetic procedure.…”

Papel do endotélio na contração induzida por campo elétrico em aorta de Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascável) e Bothrops jararaca (jararaca) e evidência da síntese de catecolamina no endotélio humano

“…De forma interessante, foi visto que, em Pseudemys scripta (cágado-daorelha-vermelha), o aumento do tônus parassimpático promove o aumento da resistência pulmonar vascular [71], ao invés de sua diminuição como é visto classicamente em mamíferos [72].…”