Ninety-seven animal, human, and dairy Streptococcus porcinus or Streptococcus pseudoporcinus isolates in the CDC Streptococcus strain collection were evaluated on the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation, 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing, conventional biochemical and Rapid ID 32 Strep identification methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine their taxonomic status, characteristics for species differentiation, antimicrobial susceptibility, and relevance of clinical source. Nineteen of the 97 isolates (1 human, 18 swine) were identified as S. porcinus. The remaining 72 human isolates and 6 dairy isolates were identified as S. pseudoporcinus. The use of 16S rRNA or rpoB gene sequencing was required to differentiate S. porcinus from S. pseudoporcinus. The human and dairy S. pseudoporcinus isolates were biochemically distinct from each other as well as distinct by 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing. Therefore, we propose the subspecies denominations S. pseudoporcinus subsp. hominis subsp. nov. for the human isolates and S. pseudoporcinus subsp. lactis subsp. nov. for the dairy isolates. Most strains were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested, with the exception of tetracycline. Two strains of each species were also resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin and carried the erm(A) (S. pseudoporcinus) or the erm(B) (S. porcinus) gene. S. porcinus was identified from a single human isolate recovered from a wound in an abattoir worker. S. pseudoporcinus was primarily isolated from the genitourinary tract of women but was also associated with blood, placental, and wound infections. Isolates reacting with group B antiserum and demonstrating wide beta-hemolysis should be suspected of being S. pseudoporcinus and not S. agalactiae.
Due to the advancement and use of genetic sequence markers, the taxonomic standing of many microorganisms characterized in the past has been reevaluated. A recent example involves isolates that were previously identified as Streptococcus porcinus. This species was originally described in 1984 (8) as a pathogen associated with swine. The isolation from human sources of strains with nearly identical phenotypic characteristics was later described (10,14,22). A more recent publication describing a study that used 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that isolates primarily from the genital tract of female patients were significantly different (greater than 2.1% dissimilarity) and constituted a separate species, named Streptococcus pseudoporcinus (3). Consequently, we decided to reevaluate the identification of S. porcinus isolates from our previous studies (10, 14, 32) and more recent isolates included in the CDC Streptococcus Laboratory collection. The goal of this study was to determine the association of S. porcinus and S. pseudoporcinus isolates with different sources, analyze genetic and phenotype characteristics useful for their differentiation and precise identification, and examine potential differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Accordingly, isolates were evaluated ...