Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Childs, Jessica E.; Alvarez-Dieppa, Amanda; McIntyre, Christa K.; Kroener, Sven

doi:10.3791/53032-v

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Past reports demonstrated that TRPA1 and SGLT1 might stimulate vagus signaling(28,47), which may link to the dopaminergic system in brain. The vagus nerve is known to project to nucleus tractus solitarii, and suggested to affect amygdalar activity indirectly via other brain region, such as ventral tegmental area and locus ceruleus(51,52), possibly through activation of enkephalin-mediated endogenous opioidergic systems(29). We could confirm the contribution of the endogenous opioid system to CRD-evoked anxiety-like behavior by acute naloxone administration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Rich Food Leads Anxiety through Gut-Brain Axis-mediated Amygdalar Dopamine Upregulation

Ito,

Hosoki,

Kasai

et al. 2024

Preprint

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It is widely said that healthy intestinal environment takes essential role for better mental condition. One of the known dietary nutrients which maintains intestinal environment is the dietary fiber. Recent study showed that maintaining intestinal environment by dietary fiber succeeded to alleviate the psychiatric disorder symptoms in animals. However, such effects have only been reported with soluble fiber, which is highly fermentable and promotes short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and not with insoluble fiber. Therefore, we aimed to verify whether insoluble fiber, such as cellulose, can alter emotion via changes in the gut. We divided mice into two groups and fed either standard diet (SD, contains both insoluble and soluble dietary fibers) or cellulose rich diet (CRD, contains cellulose alone as the dietary fibers). The CRD-fed mice displayed 1) the increased the anxiety-like behavior accompanied with 2) the modified amygdalar dopamine signaling. We further found the decreased intestinal SCFA levels along with intestinal permeability, dysmotility and hypersensitivity in CRD-fed mice. These behavioral and physiological effect of CRD has been completely abolished in vagotomized mice, indicating the direct link between intestinal environment exacerbation to the emotion through gut-brain axis. Additionally, the opioid antagonist abolished the CRD-induced anxiety, suggesting the involvement of opioidergic system to the anxiety which may evoked by increased amygdalar dopamine levels. Altogether, our findings suggest that consumption of cellulose alone as the dietary fiber may evoke intestinal abnormalities which fires the vagus nerve then opiodergic system and amygdalar dopamine upregulation, resulting in the enhancement of anxiety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Rich Food Leads Anxiety through Gut-Brain Axis-mediated Amygdalar Dopamine Upregulation

Ito,

Hosoki,

Kasai

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Drug Self-Administration and Extinction Training: Drug self-administration and extinction training were performed as previously described (Childs et al, 2017;Childs et al, 2019): Male Sprague Dawley rats (>80 days) were anesthetized and implanted with a catheter in the right external jugular vein for drug administration. During the same surgery, a custom-made cuff electrode was placed around the left vagus nerve for the delivery of VNS (Childs et al, 2015). Five to seven days following surgery, rats were trained in a single overnight session to self-administer food pellets (45 mg, Bio Serv, Flemmington, NJ) in an operant conditioning chamber (Med Associates, Saint Albans, VT).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) modulates synaptic plasticity in the rat infralimbic cortex via Trk-B receptor activation to reduce drug-seeking

Driskill,

Childs,

Phensy

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Drugs of abuse cause changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated regions that impair inhibitory control over drug-seeking. Breaking the contingencies between drug-associated cues and the delivery of the reward during extinction learning reduces relapse. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has previously been shown to enhance extinction learning and reduce drug-seeking. Here we determined the effects of VNS-mediated release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on extinction and cue-induced reinstatement in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Pairing 10 days of extinction training with VNS facilitated extinction and reduced drug-seeking behavior during reinstatement. Rats that received a single extinction session with VNS showed elevated BDNF levels in the medial PFC as determined via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Systemic blockade of Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptors during extinction, via the TrkB antagonist ANA-12, decreased the effects of VNS on extinction and reinstatement. Whole-cell recordings in brain slices showed that cocaine self-administration induced alterations in the ratio of AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated currents in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the infralimbic cortex (IL). Pairing extinction with VNS reversed cocaine-induced changes in glutamatergic transmission by enhancing AMPAR currents, and this effect was blocked by ANA-12. Our study suggests that VNS consolidates extinction of drug-seeking behavior by reversing drug-induced changes in synaptic AMPA receptors in the IL, and this effect is abolished by blocking TrkB receptors during extinction, highlighting a potential mechanism for the therapeutic effects of VNS in addiction.

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“…37 This model is very useful for vagal nerve stimulation studies to expose the vagus nerve for placing electrodes. 38 39 40 41…”

Section: Vagus Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 This model is very useful for vagal nerve stimulation studies to expose the vagus nerve for placing electrodes. [38][39][40][41] To expose the vagus nerve, the rat is placed supine and a vertical incision is made to the trachea from the hyoid bone (►Fig. 12A, B).…”

Section: Vagus Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Cranial Nerve Models in the Rat

Karagoz,

Zhang,

Chaker

et al. 2024

J Reconstr Microsurg

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Background The intricacies of nerve regeneration following injury have prompted increased research efforts in recent years, with a primary focus on elucidating regeneration mechanisms and exploring various surgical techniques. While many experimental animals have been used for these investigations, the rat continues to remain the most widely used model due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience against diseases and surgical/anesthetic complications. A comprehensive evaluation of all the experimental rat models available in this context is currently lacking. Methods We summarize rat models of cranial nerves while furnishing descriptions of the intricacies of achieving optimal exposure. Results This review article provides an examination of the technical exposure, potential applications, and the advantages and disadvantages inherent to each cranial nerve model. Conclusion Specifically in the context of cranial nerve injury, numerous studies have utilized different surgical techniques to expose and investigate the cranial nerves in the rat.

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Cellulose Rich Food Leads Anxiety through Gut-Brain Axis-mediated Amygdalar Dopamine Upregulation

Cellulose Rich Food Leads Anxiety through Gut-Brain Axis-mediated Amygdalar Dopamine Upregulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) modulates synaptic plasticity in the rat infralimbic cortex via Trk-B receptor activation to reduce drug-seeking

Experimental Cranial Nerve Models in the Rat

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