Valence and magnetic state of transition-metal and rare-earth ions in single-crystal multiferroics RMn2O5 (R=Y, Bi, Eu, Gd) from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data

XPS study of the electron structure of heterometallic trinuclear complexes Fe2M(μ3-O)(μ-Piv)6(HPiv)3 (MMn, Co, Ni)

“…3 and 4 also demonstrate the spectra of Fe 3+ and Mn 2+ ions calculated in isolated ion approximation. Method of calculation is described in detail elsewhere [12][13][14]. One can see that the calculation reproduces well main features of the spectra.…”

“…In the 2p-spectra of atoms from Ca to Fe the charge transfer states lie higher in energy than the principal 2p −1 3d N L states; they form low-intensity satellite structures on the highenergy sides of the principal spectral lines. To describe the spectra of these atoms, an isolated ion approximation (taking into account only spin-orbital and multiplet splitting) is good enough (see, for example, [12][13][14]). In the 2p-spectra of 3d-atoms starting with Co, the lowering of the 3d-subshell energy due to the appearance of the 2p-vacfncy is greater than the energy needed for L → 3d excitation, therefore the charge-transfer states 2p −1 3d N+1 L −1 turn out to lie lower in energy than the principal 2p −1 3d N L states.…”

Surface analytical approaches to reliably characterize lithium ion battery electrodes

“…The elucidation of different chemical states of Mn ions, solely based on Mn 2p spectra, is hampered by the fact that the binding energy range for the 2p core‐level electrons of Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Mn 4+ ions at the peak maxima is only by about 1 eV. Moreover, these high spin Mn ions with unpaired electrons in their 3d valence level show complex multiplet splitting in the final state of the photoionization, resulting in a broad envelope peak for 2p XP spectra of Mn ions and, therefore, making it difficult to resolve the separate contributions . For the determination of Mn oxidation states in battery materials, we, therefore, adapt the peak fitting procedure of Biesinger et al Their approach is primarily developed for pure oxides and hydroxides of Mn and is based on calculated multiplet structures of Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Mn 4+ free ions, revealing 4 to 5 adjacent multiplet lines for the Mn 2p 3/2 photoelectron peak at 0.7 to 1.2 eV binding energy distances.…”

Valence state of transition metal ions in Co1−Fe Cr2O4 (x= 0.1, 0.2, 0.5) ceramics from X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopy data

“…shown that this approximation describes well 2p-spectra of 3d-metal ions of the first half of the row, up to Mn [9][10][11]. For these ions, CT 3d n+1 L -1 states lie higher in energy than 3d n L states, even in final state of photoabsorption.…”