Valence generalization across nonrecurring structures.

Amd, Micah

doi:10.1037/xan0000317

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Because our sample incidentally constituted of female heterosexual participants, the latter may have been biologically predisposed to prefer particular HAM con gurations. Recent investigations on evaluative learning suggest that con gural patterns can be acquired and generalized across without necessarily involving conscious speci cation of exact con gurations (Amd, 2022;Jurchiș et al, 2020). Extending that logic to the present study, one could suppose innate preferences for lighter HAM con gurations had generalized to consciously expressed lighter LAM (even LAF) preferences if HAM/LAM/LAF con gurations were perceived to overlap.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Are lighter male faces consciously and perceptually privileged?

Amd

2022

Preprint

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Across many non-Western communities, lighter skinned individuals are favorably evaluated over their darker intragroup counterparts (colorism). Three studies explored whether ‘colorist’ biases could be detected across native Melanesian participants along evaluative and perceptual processing levels. All studies presented ‘lighter’ and ‘darker’ emotionally neutral face targets matched along attractiveness, sex and race. Across Study 1, N = 305 participants evaluated target attractiveness using ordinal scales. Across Study 2, N = 153 participants viewed target faces across four brief implicit association tests. Across Study 3, N = 61 participants viewed visually processed faces during sorting tests and as upright/inverted monocular targets during a (breaking) continuous flash suppression task. Lighter, highly attractive upright male variants entered conscious awareness (‘broke suppression’) significantly faster then darker variants. Reliable colorist biases were estimated in the presence of male and (some) female faces following attractiveness ratings and sorting tests viz across measures affording extensive deliberation opportunities. Procedurally constraining deliberation (during implicit tests and flash suppression) revealed colorist biases across attractive male faces only.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Are lighter male faces consciously and perceptually privileged?

Amd

2022

Preprint

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“…Heycke and colleagues reported that the effects of evaluative conditioning were cross-modally greater for visual CSs with 1000 ms than those with fast presentation when auditory UCSs were used (Heycke et al 2017 ). The evaluative conditioning of affective pictures (UCS) and verbal stimuli (CS) supraliminally appeared in artificial grammers (Jurchiş et al 2020 ) and an unfamiliar language (Amd 2022 ). Additionally, Kuchinke et al ( 2015 ) reported that early modulations of event-related potentials occur during the recognition of pseudowords conditioned to emotional pictures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese written pseudowords can be conditioned to Japanese spoken words with positive, negative, and active emotions

Ando

Kambara

2023

Cogn Process

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This study aimed to examine whether Japanese participants condition spoken words’ meanings to written pseudowords. In Survey 1, we selected spoken words associated with negative (α = .91) and positive (α = .79) features for Experiment 1 and passive (α = .90) and active (α = .80) features for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated four written pseudowords’ emotional valence using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: negative; 7: positive) before and after conditioning spoken words with negative, neutral, or positive features to each pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, participants read each pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and verbally repeated each spoken word. The results showed that a pseudoword was conditioned to spoken words with positive and negative features. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated four pseudowords’ activeness using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: passive; 7: active) before and after conditioning spoken words of passive, neutral, and active features to each written pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, the participants read each written pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and repeated the spoken word. The results showed that the activeness evaluations were more increased for pseudowords conditioned to spoken words of active and neutral features after conditioning than before conditioning but were unchanged for a pseudoword conditioned to those with passive features before and after conditioning. Additonally, Survey 2’s results showed that although the positiveness and activeness responses of the words used in Experiments 1 and 2 were controlled well, the lack of significant differences among positiveness responses of words may influence the evaluative conditioning in Experiment 2. That is, when participants condition passive (low arousal) words’ activeness (arousal) ratings to those of pseudowords, words’ positiveness (valence) ratings would be important in the evaluative conditioning. Our findings suggest that participants can condition spoken word meanings of preference and activeness to those of written pseudowords. It also indicates that linguistically evaluative conditioning’s effects are robust in a non-alphabetic language.

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“…We did not record participant strategies during data collection to forestall cueing demand characteristics [ 54 ]. Similarly, participants were not systematically interviewed about their responding strategies after task completion as these would reflect aggregated recollections susceptible to primacy and recency artifacts [ 21 ]. Despite these limitations, future research can attempt to identify the specific evaluation strategies participants employ and identify whether beliefs overlap (or not) between different participant groups to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the belief structures shaping colorist bias.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Independent of response constraints on deliberation opportunity, both unconstrained surveys and constrained BIATs may ultimately capture evaluative responses, which describe propositions specifying relations between identified terms [19]. The identification of terms and the specification of any relationship between them presuppose conscious awareness [20,21]. In that case, any proposition(s) currently salient in conscious awareness, even if unrelated to colorist biases, can influence expressed evaluations, even when the latter are constructed under constrained responding conditions [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-group differences in skin tone influence evaluative and perceptual face processing

Amd

2024

PLoS ONE

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In an exploration of colorist biases across native Melanesian participants, we employed a multi-method approach across three studies to examine evaluative and perceptual processing of ‘lighter’ and ‘darker’ non-Melanesian facial targets controlled for attractiveness, sex, and ethnicity. In Study 1, 305 participants evaluated facial attractiveness using surveys. In Study 2, 153 participants alternately mapped lighter and darker faces with positive and neutral attributes across brief Implicit Association Tests. In Study 3, 61 participants underwent a manual sorting task followed by a ’breaking’ continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm to probe ’non-conscious’ perceptual biases. Across evaluative measures, male and female respondents consistently preferred lighter-skinned, highly attractive male faces. During b-CFS, lighter and attractive opposite-sex faces entered awareness (‘broke suppression’) faster than their darker counterparts. We speculate that skin tone may operate as a perceptually salient cue in the presence of facial configurations signaling high reproductive potential.

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Valence generalization across nonrecurring structures.

Cited by 7 publications

References 67 publications

Are lighter male faces consciously and perceptually privileged?

Are lighter male faces consciously and perceptually privileged?

Japanese written pseudowords can be conditioned to Japanese spoken words with positive, negative, and active emotions

Intra-group differences in skin tone influence evaluative and perceptual face processing

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