Validating Landsat Analysis Ready Data for Nearshore Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring in the Northeast Pacific

Wachmann, Alena; Starko, Samuel; Neufeld, Christopher J.; Costa, Maycira

doi:10.3390/rs16050920

Remote Sensing

2024

DOI: 10.3390/rs16050920

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Validating Landsat Analysis Ready Data for Nearshore Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring in the Northeast Pacific

Alena Wachmann,

Samuel Starko,

Christopher J. Neufeld

et al.

Abstract: In the face of global ocean warming, monitoring essential climate variables from space is necessary for understanding regional trends in ocean dynamics and their subsequent impacts on ecosystem health. Analysis Ready Data (ARD), being preprocessed satellite-derived products such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), allow for easy synoptic analysis of temperature conditions given the consideration of regional biases within a dynamic range. This is especially true for SST retrieval in thermally complex coastal zone… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications

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Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions

Starko,

van der Mheen,

Pessarrodona

et al. 2024

Global Change Biology

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Marine heatwaves (MHWs), increasing in duration and intensity because of climate change, are now a major threat to marine life and can have lasting effects on the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the responses of marine taxa and ecosystems to MHWs can be highly variable, making predicting and interpreting biological outcomes a challenge. Here, we review how biological responses to MHWs, from individuals to ecosystems, are mediated by fine‐scale spatial variability in the coastal marine environment (hereafter, local gradients). Viewing observed responses through a lens of ecological theory, we present a simple framework of three ‘resilience processes’ (RPs) by which local gradients can influence the responses of marine taxa to MHWs. Local gradients (1) influence the amount of stress directly experienced by individuals, (2) facilitate local adaptation and acclimatization of individuals and populations, and (3) shape community composition which then influences responses to MHWs. We then synthesize known examples of fine‐scale gradients that have affected responses of benthic foundation species to MHWs, including kelp forests, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows and link these varying responses to the RPs. We present a series of case studies from various marine ecosystems to illustrate the differential impacts of MHWs mediated by gradients in both temperature and other co‐occurring drivers. In many cases, these gradients had large effect sizes with several examples of local gradients causing a 10‐fold difference in impacts or more (e.g., survival, coverage). This review highlights the need for high‐resolution environmental data to accurately predict and manage the consequences of MHWs in the context of ongoing climate change. While current tools may capture some of these gradients already, we advocate for enhanced monitoring and finer scale integration of local environmental heterogeneity into climate models. This will be essential for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating future marine biodiversity loss.

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Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions

Starko,

van der Mheen,

Pessarrodona

et al. 2024

Global Change Biology

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Temporal dynamics of leaf area index and land surface temperature correlation using Sentinel-2 and Landsat OLI data

Ahmed,

Ali,

Ahmed

2024

Environ Syst Res

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Background Understanding the complex relationship between vegetation dynamics and land surface temperature (LST) is crucial for comprehending ecosystem functioning, climate change impacts, and sustainable land management. Hence, this study conducts a temporal analysis of leaf area index (LAI) and LST data derived from Sentinel-2 and Landsat Operational Land Imagery (OLI) in the Mille River Basin, a tropical region in Ethiopia. LAI data were generated using Sentinel-2 imagery processed with the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) toolbox, an open-access earth observation analysis tool, while Landsat OLI collection 2 level 2 data were utilized for precise LST retrieval. The Mann–Kendall test was used to detect trends in the time series data. Results The trends in the mean LAI were statistically significant at P values of 0.05 and 0.10 for the annual and seasonal trends, respectively. The mean LST trends were insignificant throughout the study period except for the summer season, for which the P value was 0.07. The correlation between the LAI and LST was weak (R2 = 0.36) during the crop-growing seasons (summer and spring) but moderate in winter (R2 = 0.46) and autumn (R2 = 0.41). Conclusion The findings of this research clarify the complex relationships between variations in surface temperature and vegetation growth patterns, providing insight into the environmental mechanisms driving the dynamics of localized ecosystems. The study underscores the implications of these findings for informed decision-making in sustainable land management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation strategies.

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Back to the past: long-term persistence of bull kelp forests in the Strait of Georgia, Salish Sea, Canada

Mora-Soto,

Schroeder,

Gendall

et al. 2024

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The Salish Sea, a dynamic system of straits, fjords, and channels in southwestern British Columbia, is home to ecologically and culturally important bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) forests. Yet the long-term fluctuations in the area and the persistence of this pivotal coastal marine habitat are unknown. Using very high-resolution satellite imagery to map kelp forests over two decades, we present the spatial changes in kelp forest area within the Salish Sea, before (2002 to 2013) and after (2014 to 2022) the ‘Blob,’ an anomalously warm period in the Northeast Pacific. This analysis was spatially constrained by local environmental conditions. Based on nearshore sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from four decades (1984–2022), we found two periods of distinct increases in SST, one starting in 2000 and another in 2014. Further, the highest SST anomalies occurred on warmer coastlines in the enclosed inlets and the Strait of Georgia, while smaller anomalies were found on colder coastlines near the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Discovery Passage. The total area of bull kelp forests from 2014 to 2022 has decreased compared to 2002 to 2013, particularly in the northern sector of the Salish Sea. Using the satellite-derived kelp data, we also present an analysis of kelp persistence compared with historical distribution of kelp forests depicted on British Admiralty Nautical Charts from 1858 to 1956. This analysis shows that warm, sheltered areas experienced a considerable decrease in persistence of kelp beds when compared to satellite-derived distribution of modern kelp, confirming a century-scale loss. In particular, the presence of kelp forests in the Strait of Georgia and on the warmest coasts has decreased considerably over the century, likely due to warming temperatures. While the coldest coasts to the south have maintained their centennial persistence, the northern Salish Sea requires further research to understand its current dynamics. This research contributes to a wider understanding of temporal and spatial factors for kelp from the regional perspective of the Salish Sea.

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Validating Landsat Analysis Ready Data for Nearshore Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring in the Northeast Pacific

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions

Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions

Temporal dynamics of leaf area index and land surface temperature correlation using Sentinel-2 and Landsat OLI data

Back to the past: long-term persistence of bull kelp forests in the Strait of Georgia, Salish Sea, Canada

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