Validating the Enright Forgiveness Inventory – 30 					(EFI-30)

Enright, Robert; Rique, Júlio; Lustosa, Romulo; Song, Jacqueline Y.; Komoski, Mary Cate; Batool, Iffat; Bolt, Daniel M.; Sung, HyunJung; Huang, Shaofu; Park, Younghee; Leer-Salvesen, Paul E.; Andrade, Thiago Antunes Adriano de; Naeem, Anam; Viray, Jocelyn; Costuna, Edna

doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000649

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The EFI‐30 (Enright et al, in press) is the short version of Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI) (Subkoviak et al, 1995). The EFI‐30 has been used in numerous studies to measure degree of forgiveness toward an offender, and improvement in forgiveness after treatment with Forgiveness Therapy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forgiveness therapy in a maximum‐security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial

Gambaro

Song³

et al. 2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Objective: Forgiveness Therapy is proposed as a novel approach to rehabilitation for men in a maximum-security correctional institution to alleviate psychological compromises. Method:In a two-tiered study, volunteer participants within a correctional institution (N = 103) were asked to report past experiences of abuse and unjust treatment prior to their first crime and were measured on anger, anxiety, depression, hope and forgiveness. Twenty four of the most clinically compromised participants were selected from this initial assessment, with pairs first matched on certain characteristics and then randomly assigned to either experimental or control group interventions followed by a cross-over design (N = 9 in each group at the study's end). Experimental participants received 24 weeks of Forgiveness Therapy. Control group participants received 24 weeks of an alternative treatment followed by Forgiveness Therapy. Dependent variables included anger, anxiety, depression, forgiveness, hope, self-esteem and empathy.Results: Ninety percent of 103 participants reported moderate to severe abuse in childhood or adolescence. Data showed an inverse relationship between forgiveness and anger, anxiety and depression. In the Forgiveness Therapy, anger, anxiety, depression, empathy and forgiveness were statistically significant favouring both experimental groups. These results remained at the 6-month follow-up.Conclusions: Forgiveness Therapy is shown to be effective for correctional rehabilitation in healing clinical psychological compromise and in promoting positive psychological well-being in men within a maximum-security facility.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This one‐item forgiveness scale is used to validate the EFI‐30 . This scale shows strong reliability, usually above .93, and validity especially with the one‐item forgiveness scale across diverse nations and cultures (Enright et al, in press).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forgiveness therapy in a maximum‐security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial

Gambaro

Song³

et al. 2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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“…The Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), a children’s version of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory, was used to measure self-reported forgiveness toward an offender (Enright & Rique, 2005). The EFI-C is an objective measure of the degree to which a child forgives another who has hurt them deeply and unfairly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forgiveness education as a form of peace education with fifth-grade students: A pilot study with implications for educators.

Freedman¹,

Chen²

2023

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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A 10-week forgiveness education curriculum based on a developmentally appropriate version of Enright’s process model was taught to two classes of fifth graders (Primary 6, ages 10–11, N = 30) attending a low-income school in a midwestern city in the United States. An exploratory, single-group pretest–posttest design was used to examine changes in forgiveness toward a specific offender, forgiveness knowledge and understanding, and levels of anger. Following the education, the students illustrated statistically significant increased forgiveness toward an offender who had hurt them and knowledge about forgiveness. Statistical significance was not found for changes in anger. Verbal statements from the students also illustrate that forgiveness education increased students’ knowledge about forgiveness and willingness to forgive in situations of hurt and conflict. Responses from students illustrated that they enjoyed the children’s literature in this specific forgiveness education curriculum. Implications for future research and the use of forgiveness education as a form of peace and moral education are discussed.

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“…The Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-60) is one of the most widely used measures of forgiveness (Subkoviak et al, 1995), and in this study, the 30-item version of the inventory validated with international samples was utilized (EFI-30; Enright et al, 2021). After recalling details of injustices they have suffered, participants rated 30 items on a scale of 1 (Strongly disagree) to 6 (Strongly agree) in the three domains of affect, behavior, and cognition.…”

Section: Measures Forgivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of a Forgiveness Bibliotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Nursing Students

et al. 2022

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Purpose of study: The need for forgiveness education for nursing self-care and forgiveness facilitation has risen. Therefore, the present pilot study tested the efficacy of an 8-week forgiveness bibliotherapy with a small number of undergraduate nursing students. Design of study: Matched pairs of nursing students were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or no-contact control group. The experimental group, using 8 keys to forgiveness by R. Enright (2015) as the treatment manual, read one chapter a week for 8 weeks and provided weekly reflections. Forgiveness and forgiveness-related outcome measures were administered at pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up. Findings: At the posttest, the experimental group had significantly greater improvement in forgiveness compared to the control group with a large effect size, which was maintained at one month follow-up. There was no other significant difference between the two groups. Within-group comparisons of the experimental group showed improvement in forgiveness, anxiety, depression, and fatigue from pre to post testing periods and forgiveness, anger, anxiety, depression, and fatigue from pre to follow-up testing periods. Conclusion: Use of bibliotherapy may be a cost-effective way to promote the virtue of forgiveness for students in nursing programs.

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Validating the Enright Forgiveness Inventory – 30 (EFI-30)

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Forgiveness therapy in a maximum‐security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial

Forgiveness therapy in a maximum‐security correctional institution: A randomized clinical trial

Forgiveness education as a form of peace education with fifth-grade students: A pilot study with implications for educators.

The Efficacy of a Forgiveness Bibliotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Nursing Students

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