Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Spanish Version of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ-S)

Abstract

Experimental pain testing requires specific equipment and may be uncomfortable for patients. The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to assess pain sensitivity, based on the pain intensity ratings (range: 0–10) of painful situations that occur in daily life. The main objective of this study was to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the PSQ (PSQ-S). A total of 354 subjects (296 healthy and 58 chronic pain patients) filled in the PSQ-S. A subgroup of 116 subjects performed experimental pain testing, including two modalities (cold and pressure), with different measures: pain intensity rating, pressure pain threshold, and tolerance. The validation results showed two factors: PSQ-S-moderate and PSQ-S-minor and, for the total scale and the two factors, an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient > 0.9) and a substantial reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient > 0.8). We obtained strong correlations with all the experimental pain rating parameters, catastrophizing, and depression variables, as well as moderate correlations with anxiety, central sensibilization, and impact on the quality of life. Chronic pain patients received elevated PSQ-S scores compared to healthy controls, and three cut-off values (PSQ-S-total = 7.00, PSQ-S-moderate = 7.57, and PSQ-S-minor = 6.29) based on ROC curve analyses were shown to be able to discriminate between healthy adults and adults with chronic pain. Therefore, PSQ-S may be a simple alternative to experimental pain procedures for clinical and experimental pain research.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Arabic version of the pain sensitivity questionnaire

“…The test-retest reliability measured with the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.80 for the PSQ-A-total, 0.74 for the PSQ-A-moderate, and 0.77 for the PSQ-A-minor. These values were similar to the values for the Korean version, which were 0.78, 0.79, and 0.75 ( 38 ), the Chinese (0.73, 0.74, and 0.68) ( 27 ), but slightly lower than those for the German PSQ version (0.83, 0.79, and 0.86) ( 20 ), the Polish version [(0.93, 0.87, 0.91) ( 24 )], the Iranian version (0.84, 0.84, and 0.85) ( 28 ), and the Spanish (0.84, 0.82, and 0.84) ( 39 ).…”

“…Our results were similar in the magnitude of correlation for the previous translated versions including the Chinese ( r = 0.27, 0.27) ( 27 ), German ( r = 0.45, 0.38) ( 20 ), English ( r = 0.32, 0.33) ( 22 ), and Korean ( r = 0.38, 0.37) ( 38 ). The Spanish version of PSQ-total and PSQ-minor showed a stronger positive correlation with the PCS at (0.58, 0.60) ( 39 ) and Iranian version for the PSQ-total score ( r = 0.81) ( 28 ). On the contrary, the Turkish version of the PSQ-total and subscales did not correlate with the PCS ( 29 ).…”

“…The internal consistency of the PSQ-A-total, PSQ-A-moderate, and PSQ-A-minor was good; the Cronbach's α were 0.81, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. These were similar to Cronbach's alphas of the Chinese version (0.90, 0.86, and 0.81) ( 27 ), the German PSQ version (0.92, 0.91, and 0.81) ( 20 ), the Korean version (0.93, 0.88, and 0.87) ( 38 ), the Iranian version (0.81, 0.82, and 0.82) ( 28 ), the Dutch version (0.90, 0.86, and 0.82) ( 26 ), the Norwegian version (0.92, 0.90, and 0.85) ( 23 ), and the Spanish version (0.95, 0.91, and 0.92) ( 39 ). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the PSQ-A with the two subscores PSQ-A minor and PSQ-A moderate to be consistent with the original description ( 20 ).…”

The Value of Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in Predicting Postoperative Pain in Living Kidney Donors: A Prospective Observational Study

“… 4 , 5 The evaluation effect of PSQ on pain sensitivity has been fully confirmed in various studies globally. 6–9 Some studies have also found that PSQ applies to patients with chronic pain and that its correlation with pain sensitivity in healthy patients is significant. 10 , 11 …”

“…4,5 The evaluation effect of PSQ on pain sensitivity has been fully confirmed in various studies globally. [6][7][8][9] Some studies have also found that PSQ applies to patients with chronic pain and that its correlation with pain sensitivity in healthy patients is significant. 10,11 Living kidney donor surgery usually requires a long operation time, which causes excessive trauma to both the kidney donors as well as the recipients.…”