“…Woodrooffe et al (2009) combined a study of the same database with hardwarein-the-loop simulation and other methods, and were thus able to predict a prevention of around 4,700 out of an ESC-targeted annual U.S. crash population of around 11,000 (just over the 40% prevention ratio reported for passenger cars by Høye, 2011). Furthermore, tests with predetermined manoeuvres, specified in terms of exact control inputs or vehicle paths, have been carried out to provide verification of stability improvements of truck ESC, both in real vehicles driven by test drivers or steering robots (Laine et al, 2008) and in computer simulation (Kharrazi and Thomson, 2008;McNaull et al, 2010).…”