Validation of a cortisol enzyme immunoassay and characterization of salivary cortisol circadian rhythm in chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>)

Heintz, Matthew R.; Santymire, Rachel M.; Parr, Lisa A.; Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V.

doi:10.1002/ajp.20960

Cited by 86 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Bennett and Hayssen 2010;Ashley et al 2011;Heintz et al 2011;Macbeth et al 2010Macbeth et al , 2012Carlitz et al 2014). Meanwhile, mercury in polar bear hair has been found to reflect mercury concentrations in blood as well as liver, muscle, and kidney (Born et al 1991;Cardona-Marek et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Mercury and cortisol in Western Hudson Bay polar bear hair

et al. 2015

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Non-invasive methods of assessing animal health and life history are becoming increasingly popular in wildlife research; hair samples from polar bears (Ursus maritimus), are being used to study an ever broader range of anthropogenic and endocrine compounds. A number of contaminants are known to disrupt endocrine function in polar bears. However, the relationship between mercury and cortisol remains unknown, although mercury is an endocrine disruptor in other species. Here, we examine the relationship between concentrations of cortisol and total mercury (THg) analyzed in guard hair from 378 polar bears (184 females, 194 males) sampled in Western Hudson Bay, 2004-2012. The difference in mean cortisol concentration between female (0.8 ± 0.6 pg/mg) and male (0.7 ± 0.5 pg/mg) polar bears bordered on significance (p = 0.054). However, mean mercury concentration was significantly greater (p = 0.009) in females (4.7 ± 1.4 μg/g) than males (4.3 ± 1.2 μg/g). Hair cortisol in males was significantly influenced by mercury, age, and fatness, as well as interactions between mercury and year, mercury and fatness, and year and fatness (all: p < 0.03) (multiple regression analysis, whole model: r(2) = 0.14, F(7,185) = 4.43, p = 0.0001). Fatness was the only significant variable in the multiple regression analysis for females (r(2) = 0.06, F(1,182) = 13.0, p = 0.0004). In conclusion, a significant, but complex, relationship was found between mercury and cortisol concentrations in hair from male, but not female, polar bears.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Mercury and cortisol in Western Hudson Bay polar bear hair

et al. 2015

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“…This time window for medical PRT was chosen for two reasons: First, to avoid interference with feeding times and therefore with food, which may affect measurements of enzymes and hormones in saliva [62] but see also [63]. Second, midday was chosen for sample collection to minimize confounding effects of diurnal variation of salivary cortisol [58], [64].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Effect of Medical Positive Reinforcement Training on Salivary Cortisol Levels in Bonobos and Orangutans

et al. 2014

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The management of captive animals has been improved by the establishment of positive reinforcement training as a tool to facilitate interactions between caretakers and animals. In great apes, positive reinforcement training has also been used to train individuals to participate in simple medical procedures to monitor physical health. One aim of positive reinforcement training is to establish a relaxed atmosphere for situations that, without training, might be very stressful. This is especially true for simple medical procedures that can require animals to engage in behaviours that are unusual or use unfamiliar medical devices that can be upsetting. Therefore, one cannot exclude the possibility that the training itself is a source of stress. In this study, we explored the effects of medical positive reinforcement training on salivary cortisol in two groups of captive ape species, orangutans and bonobos, which were familiar to this procedure. Furthermore, we successfully biologically validated the salivary cortisol assay, which had already been validated for bonobos, for orangutans. For the biological validation, we found that cortisol levels in orangutan saliva collected during baseline conditions were lower than in samples collected during three periods that were potentially stressful for the animals. However, we did not find significant changes in salivary cortisol during medical positive reinforcement training for either bonobos or orangutans. Therefore, for bonobos and orangutans with previous exposure to medical PRT, the procedure is not stressful. Thus, medical PRT provides a helpful tool for the captive management of the two species.

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“…Unlike substrates commonly assayed for cortisol, for example blood (McConway and Chapman 1986), saliva (Heintz et al 2011), feces (Behie et al 2010), or urine (Jaimez et al 2011), hair cortisol is unaffected by acute fluctuations resulting from the capture, sedation, and the sampling process, or other events immediately preceding sampling (Delgiudice et al 1990;Crockett et al 1993;Anestis et al 2006;Lynn and Porter 2008;Delehanty and Boonstra 2009). Rather, each individual hair's total cortisol content reflects circulating levels throughout its growth (Davenport et al 2006;Sauve et al 2007;Accorsi et al 2008 Cortisol is especially stable when sequestered in hair (Davenport et al 2006;Bennett and Hayssen 2010;MacBeth et al 2010;Webb et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Variation of hair cortisol concentrations among wild populations of two baboon species (Papio anubis, P. hamadryas) and a population of their natural hybrids

et al. 2015

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Male olive (Papio anubis) and hamadryas (P. hamadryas) baboons have distinctive sociobehavioral and physical characteristics. In the Awash National Park, Ethiopia, a hybrid population at the contact zone between these two species, exhibits heterogeneous sociobehavioral and physical characteristics. The ambiguity of the hybrid social environment and disruption of parental stress genotypes may be sources of physiological stress for hybrids. We examined levels of chronic stress among males of the three populations and tested the prediction that chronic cortisol levels would be higher among the hybrids. Animals were captured, sampled, and released during the wet season, and a hair sample was taken for assay. Cortisol was extracted from 182 hair samples with methanol and quantified by ELISA. We included age, age class, rainfall variation, and species affiliation in models examining variation in hair cortisol levels. Species and age significantly contributed to models explaining variation in hair cortisol. Infant hypercortisolism was observed in all three groups, and a decline in cortisol through juvenile and adolescent stages, with a subsequent rise in adulthood. This rise occurred earliest in hamadryas, corroborating other evidence of the precocious development of hamadryas baboons. As expected, hybrids had significantly elevated hair cortisol compared with olive baboons and hamadryas, irrespective of age, except for very young animals. Infant hypercortisolism was also less pronounced among hybrids. Species differences and age-related differences in cortisol levels suggest a dysregulated cortisol phenotype in hybrids, and possibly reflect some form of hybrid disadvantage. More work will be required to disentangle the effects of genetic factors and the social environment.

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Validation of a cortisol enzyme immunoassay and characterization of salivary cortisol circadian rhythm in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Cited by 86 publications

References 40 publications

Mercury and cortisol in Western Hudson Bay polar bear hair

Mercury and cortisol in Western Hudson Bay polar bear hair

Testing the Effect of Medical Positive Reinforcement Training on Salivary Cortisol Levels in Bonobos and Orangutans

Variation of hair cortisol concentrations among wild populations of two baboon species (Papio anubis, P. hamadryas) and a population of their natural hybrids

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