Validation of a Maritime Usability Study with Eye Tracking Data

Abstract

The main objective of the navigation system on board a High Speed Craft (HSC) is contributing to safe operation, which is supported by a high degree of situation awareness for the navigator. On the modern HSC bridge, an increasing amount of displays and support systems has been introduced, with computers being networked and integrated information presented on Multi-Function Displays (MFDs). Eye tracking data in human-computer interaction is a valuable tool to identify challenges with design and user interfaces, and to better understand the workload of the subject. This paper presents and analyse two eye tracking data sets collected to validate a mid-life update of a HSC navigation system, and outlines the challenges when collecting eye tracking data in an operational environment. Data collection with Eye Tracking Glasses (ETGs) is proven to be a valuable tool, but the quantitative data needs to be supported by qualitative data to be unambiguous.

Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review

“…After this, a more detailed analysis was performed in which a total of 2240 qualitative data items were extracted and synthesised to uncover industry distribution and demographics as well as the different applications of eye tracking studies in the maritime, aviation, and construction industries. [29] S1 Sweden [30] S2 Germany [31] S3 Norway [32] S4 Sweden [33] S5 Poland [34] S6 Norway [35] S7 UK [24] S8 Italy [36] S9 Canada [37] S10 Singapore [38] S11 Canada [39] S12 Norway [8] S13 Italy [40] S14 Norway [41] S15 Norway [42] S16 USA [43] S17 Norway [44] S18 Norway [45] S19 Australia [46] S20 Norway [47] S21 Sweden [48] S22 Singapore [27] S23 China [6] S24 Norway [49] S25 Turkey [50] S26 USA [51] S27 USA [52] S28 USA [53] S29 Sweden [54] S30 USA [55] S31 Germany [56] S32 France [57] S33 China [58] S34 USA [59] S35 Germany [60] S36 USA [61] S37 Germany [62] S38…”

An Approach for Measuring The Effects of Augmented Reality on Human Performance in Maritime Navigation

“…Several examples of the application of AR solutions in the maritime domain currently exist, with information incorporated for maritime navigation typically limited to basic navigation data, including heading, speed, compass, route waypoints and danger area identification (Laera et al, 2021; Takenaka et al, 2019). Specialized applications for maritime navigation AR have also been developed, including for ice navigation (Frydenberg et al, 2021; Okazaki et al, 2017), high-speed vessels (Hareide & Porathe, 2019), and recreational boaters and pleasure craft operations (Porathe & Ekskog, 2018). The majority of the focus of maritime navigation AR applications is on data and visualization that relate to general wayfinding and anti-collision.…”

“…AR development and application has shown potential across differing domains, including transportation, medicine, military, manufacturing, education and general consumer electronic and entertainment products (Woodward & Ruiz, 2022). Hareide & Porathe (2019) state that one of the potential benefits of AR in maritime navigation specifically is the shortening of HDT due to opportunities to place and access information in differing locations besides the traditional screen-based systems. However, there are still gaps in the understanding and deployment of AR which is a relatively novel technology, particularly in the maritime domain.…”

A User Interface Design Framework for Augmented-Reality-Supported Maritime Navigation

“…These commonly include navigation data, such as heading, speed, compass, waypoints, and no-go zones [10,11]. Specialized applications have also been developed for ice navigation [12], high-speed vessels [8], and recreational crafts [13]. Despite the many examples, Laera et al [10] note that most of the maritime AR systems they reviewed have a low technology readiness level (TRL).…”

“…The POI system will typically use data from maritime technologies, such as RADAR, AIS (Automatic Identification System), or intelligent camera systems, allowing users to access a wealth of information. It is likely that POI systems can enhance navigators' situational awareness and decision-making abilities by directly connecting navigation-related data with features in the world [8].…”