Validation of a Mathematical Model for Road Cycling Power

Martin, James C.; Milliken, Douglas L.; Cobb, John; McFadden, Kevin L.; Coggan, Andrew R.

doi:10.1123/jab.14.3.276

Cited by 303 publications

(324 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…[3] ± 5 % and Gordon [7] ± 2.5 % while the mean gradient change in the present study was ± 3 % but included gradients of up to 9 % for short intervals. It is noted that in time-trials on the road constant gradient is extremely unlikely, even over short distances [2,12] . Despite the above limitations, comparisons with previous studies show comparable time savings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In races where the environmental conditions are variable, it has been calculated that a pacing strategy that attempts to maintain a constant speed, rather than a constant e ort or power output strategy should prove fastest [1,3,12] . The time advantage of a variable power output strategy has been proposed to be proportional to the magnitude and frequency of changes in environmental resistive forces [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, Atkinson et al . [3] re-calculated the results of Swain [15] using a more complete model of cycling power output demands [12] . These researchers calculated that a variable power output strategy would reduce race time by 8 % .…”

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The Effect of Variable Gradients on Pacing in Cycling Time-Trials

et al. 2010

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tage could still be gained if the variance from a constant speed is minimised [3] . Swain [15] was one of the Þ rst investigators to draw attention to the mechanical performance advantage that could be obtained by varying power output (expressed as VO 2 ) in response to variances in wind and gradient. Over a theoretical 10 km course with 10 symmetrical climbs and descents of 5 -15 % gradient, Swain [15] calculated time savings of 4 -8 % were possible. Subsequently, Atkinson et al . [3] re-calculated the results of Swain [15] using a more complete model of cycling power output demands [12] . These researchers calculated that a variable power output strategy would reduce race time by 8 % . Gordon [7] modelled a 40 km course with 20 symmetrical climb / descents of 2.5 % and obtained a time saving of 1.6 % compared to an equivalent constant power output strategy. The lesser time saving of Gordon [7] reß ects the reduced gradient proÞ le and emphasises the importance of a large gradient variance if the advantage of a variable power output strategy is to be realised. Thus, whilst performance improvement has been calculated in previous studies by adopting a variable power output strategy on an undulating

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Variable Gradients on Pacing in Cycling Time-Trials

et al. 2010

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“…A harmonic mean is a more appropriate statistic for quantifying the central tendency of data that is the form of a rate (Ferger, 1931). Therefore the aim of the current study was to use validated equations of motion (Martin, Gardner, Barras, & Martin, 2006;Martin, Milliken, Cobb, McFadden, & Coggan, 1998), to investigate effects of variations in power output during simulated time-trials in constant conditions, using greater frequencies of variation and ranges of distances than previously examined while accounting for effects of acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

Wells

Atkinson

Marwood

2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Mechanical models of cycling time-trial performance have indicated adverse effects of variations in external power output on overall performance times.Nevertheless, the precise influences of the magnitude and number of these variations over different distances of time trial are unclear. A hypothetical cyclist (body mass 70 kg, bicycle mass 10 kg) was studied using a mathematical model of cycling, which included the effects of acceleration. Performance times were modelled over distances of 4-40 km, mean power outputs of 200-600 W, power variation amplitudes of 5-15% and variation frequencies of 2-32 per timetrial. Effects of a "fast-start" strategy were compared with those of a constantpower strategy. Varying power improved 4-km performance at all power outputs, with the greatest improvement being 0.90 s for ±15% power variation.For distances of 16.1-, 20-and 40-km, varying power by ±15% increased times by 3.29, 4.46 and 10.43 s respectively, suggesting that in long-duration cycling in constant environmental conditions, cyclists should strive to reduce power variation to maximise performance. The novel finding of the present study is that these effects are augmented with increasing event distance, amplitude and period of variation. These two latter factors reflect a poor adherence to a constant speed.

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“…As it comes to cycling, there are multiple real-time factors that interact with the performance. Weather conditions (Hayes, Castle, Ross, & Maxwell, 2014), road surface ( Martin, Milliken, Cobb, McFadden, & Coggan, 1998) and altimetry (Menaspà. Abbiss, & Martin, 2012 are a few examples of variables that can limit performance and endanger the reliability of the parameters recorded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

JPES

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Abstract:Problem Statement: The aim of our study was to analyse the influence of body cooling through fan airflow, in acute physiological responses of elite cyclists during a maximal progressive exercise with four stages. Approach: Nine male cyclists, from the sub-23 and elite category (average age, 26.11 ± 5.11 years-old; average weight, 68.69 ± 7.28 kg; average height, 172.87 ± 3.53 cm) performed, in random order, two discontinued maximum cycling tests with progressive increments: one with fan airflow ~10km/h-1 (~3m.s-1), and the other without it, with an initial load of 150 Watts (W), and an increase of 50 Wevery 6-minute long stage, until exhaustion. In both test conditions, the heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate concentration [La], tympanic temperature (TT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were measured. Results: When the test conditions were compared, no significant differences were found between the stages for HR and RPE. Significant differences were noted for La, only at the 4th stage of the test (p=0.008). The VO2max was significantly different between the protocols (p=0.004), with significant variations at stage 2 (p=0.033), and 3 (p=0.028). TT was significantly lower (p<0.05) during all the four stages of the protocol. With the exception of HR, all the registered maximum values were significantly different (p>0.05) between the two test conditions and were achieved in the stage in which each subject reached VO2max. Conclusions: The speed of airflow at ~10 km.h-1 does seem to induce significant variations in the acute physiological responses of elite cyclists, as seen during a discontinued maximal progressive cycling test.

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Validation of a Mathematical Model for Road Cycling Power

Cited by 303 publications

References 7 publications

The Effect of Variable Gradients on Pacing in Cycling Time-Trials

The Effect of Variable Gradients on Pacing in Cycling Time-Trials

Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

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