Validation of a Numerical Model for Prediction of Out-of-Plane Instability in Ductile Structural Walls under Concentric In-Plane Cyclic Loading

Evolution of out‐of‐plane deformation and subsequent instability in rectangular RC walls under in‐plane cyclic loading: Experimental observation

“…The stages corresponding to evolution and recovery of the out-of-plane displacement (Figure 8 (a1-f1) compared to path C1-a to C1-c of Figure 3) and formation of out-of-plane instability (Figure 8 (a2-f2) compared to path C2-a to C2-c of Figure 3), as well as their relationship with the reinforcement and concrete response, match well with the trend predicted by the numerical model. [15][16][17][18] The following sequence of events observed in the tested specimen can therefore be confirmed, which is also in good agreement with the findings and postulations of the relevant studies available in the literature: a) Development of large tensile strains in the longitudinal reinforcement of the specimen led to generation of significant compressive stresses in these bars during loading reversal and resulted in their yielding in compression. This yielding of the longitudinal bars in compression, when occurred along a sufficient height (effective buckling height) and length of the wall, caused a considerable reduction of stiffness in its out-of-plane direction and resulted in movement of the compression zone in this direction.…”

“…Also, the sequence of events observed in the experiment matches well with the development of out‐of‐plane instability simulated by the numerical modeling approach investigated by the authors (Figure ). The stages corresponding to evolution and recovery of the out‐of‐plane displacement (Figure 8 (a1‐f1) compared to path C1‐a to C1‐c of Figure ) and formation of out‐of‐plane instability (Figure 8 (a2‐f2) compared to path C2‐a to C2‐c of Figure ), as well as their relationship with the reinforcement and concrete response, match well with the trend predicted by the numerical model …”

“…It should be noted that the authors have numerically scrutinized development of out-of-plane deformation and the subsequent instability in rectangular structural walls and tested several specimens for parametric investigation of this failure pattern. [15][16][17][18] The response of one specimen, whose results were found to be best suited to highlight in great details the evolution of out-of-plane deformation and instability, is discussed herein. The findings presented in this study are not in conflict with any of the several other walls the authors have investigated.…”

“…The authors numerically investigated the progression of out‐of‐plane deformation and subsequent instability observed in several singly and doubly reinforced wall specimens under concentric in‐plane cyclic loading. The evolution of this failure pattern was scrutinized by analyzing the stress and strain gradients of the reinforcement and concrete elements along the length, height, and thickness of the numerical model generated for 1 of the specimens . The sequence of events leading to formation of out‐of‐plane instability in the numerical model was in line with prior research findings (ie, Paulay and Priestley and Chai and Elayer), and it was confirmed that the out‐of‐plane deformation is triggered by the maximum strain reached by reinforcement elements in the previous cycles.…”

“…The authors [15][16][17][18] numerically investigated the progression of out-of-plane deformation and subsequent instability observed in several singly and doubly reinforced wall specimens under concentric in-plane cyclic loading. The evolution of this failure pattern was scrutinized by analyzing the stress and strain gradients of the reinforcement and concrete elements along the length, height, and thickness of the numerical model generated for 1 of the specimens.…”