Validation of a single fibre-fed heterodyne laser interferometer with nanometre uncertainty

Knarren, Bawh Bastiaan; Cosijns, Sjag Suzanne; Haitjema, Han; Schellekens, Phj Piet

doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2004.09.003

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with Eqs. (10) and (12) and confirm that the disturbance from the eom is cancelled by the differential action between PD 3;4 . However, a close up of Fig.…”

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confidence: 55%

“…Still, it is difficult for coaxial based interferometer systems to deliver the source frequencies directly to individual interferometers within a host system. Research [10] indicates that fiber delivery of a coaxial beam with one polarization maintaining single-mode fiber is possible, but increases PNL due to frequency mixing within the optical fiber. This necessitates separated source frequency transport using two optical fibers, and coaxially recombining them into a free-space beam inside the host system [see Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (10) shows that the common noise terms θ and φ, and the frequencies ω 1;2 cancel, resulting in the measurement of φ eom . The same differential operation is performed for the Delft interferometer:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Validation of separated source frequency delivery for a fiber-coupled heterodyne displacement interferometer

2014

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The use of optical fibers presents several advantages with respect to free-space optical transport regarding sourcefrequency delivery to individual heterodyne interferometers. Unfortunately, fiber delivery to individual coaxial heterodyne interferometers leads to an increase of (periodic) nonlinearity in the measurement, because transporting coaxial frequencies through one optical fiber leads to frequency mixing. Coaxial beams thus require delivery via free-space transportation methods. In contrast, the heterodyne interferometer concept discussed in this Letter is based on separated source frequencies, which allow for fiber delivery without additional nonlinearity. This investigation analyzes the influence of external disturbances acting on the two fibers during delivery, causing asymmetry in phase between the two fibers (first-order effect), and irradiance fluctuations (second-order effect). Experiments using electro-optic phase modulation and acousto-optic irradiance modulation confirmed that the interferometerconcept can measure with sub-nanometer uncertainty using fiber delivered source frequencies, enabling fully fiber-coupled heterodyne displacement interferometers.

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“…These results are in agreement with Eqs. (10) and (12) and confirm that the disturbance from the eom is cancelled by the differential action between PD 3;4 . However, a close up of Fig.…”

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confidence: 55%

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confidence: 99%

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Validation of separated source frequency delivery for a fiber-coupled heterodyne displacement interferometer

2014

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“…However, periodic nonlinearity in the measurement is more difficult to eliminate because it arises from a combination of source mixing, manufacturing tolerances, and imperfect alignment. Fiber delivery will inherently decrease polarization stability and add timevarying effects, which further complicates the signal processing for interferometers susceptible to periodic nonlinearity [17].Several heterodyne interferometer configurations have been developed that limit the chances for periodic nonlinearity [18][19][20][21][22][23]. These interferometers generally use a spatially separated source and limit all reference and measurement beam overlaps until the final interfering surface prior to detection.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Fiber-coupled displacement interferometry without periodic nonlinearity

et al. 2011

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Displacement interferometry is widely used for accurately characterizing nanometer and subnanometer displacements in many applications. In many modern systems, fiber delivery is desired to limit optical alignment and remove heat sources from the system, but fiber delivery can exacerbate common interferometric measurement problems, such as periodic nonlinearity, and account for fiber-induced drift. In this Letter, we describe a novel, general Joo-type interferometer that inherently has an optical reference after any fiber delivery that eliminates fiber-induced drift. This interferometer demonstrated no detectable periodic nonlinearity in both free-space and fiber-delivered variants. © 2011 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 120.0120, 120.2650, 120.3180, 120.3930, 120.4570, 120.4820. Heterodyne displacement measuring interferometry is a widely applied tool used in gravitational wave detection and conditioning the measurement environment can mitigate the effects of laser frequency instability and refractive index fluctuations. However, periodic nonlinearity in the measurement is more difficult to eliminate because it arises from a combination of source mixing, manufacturing tolerances, and imperfect alignment. Fiber delivery will inherently decrease polarization stability and add timevarying effects, which further complicates the signal processing for interferometers susceptible to periodic nonlinearity [17].Several heterodyne interferometer configurations have been developed that limit the chances for periodic nonlinearity [18][19][20][21][22][23]. These interferometers generally use a spatially separated source and limit all reference and measurement beam overlaps until the final interfering surface prior to detection.In this Letter, we present a general, fiber-coupled Joo-type interferometer with a novel design based on previous Joo-type retroreflector (RR) and plane mirror target interferometers [21,23], which is more suitable for multiaxis systems and has the same footprint on the measurement target as a typical Michelson plane mirror interferometer. Additionally, we compare the results from periodic error analyses between fiber-and free-space-delivered variants and characterize the nominal drift from fiber-induced Doppler shifts. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the general Joo-type interferometer. Two spatially separated beams, horizontally polarized with slightly different optical frequencies ðf 1 ; f 2 Þ are used as the input. When fiber coupling is employed, the phase of the respective optical frequencies ðθ 1 ; θ 2 Þ, vary in time.Both beams enter a beamsplitter (BS), where they are split equally. The reflected beams diagonally cross in a large RR due to the RR's point symmetry. They then travel back to the BS, where they interfere with their respective measurement arms.The initially transmitted beams at the BS also transmit through the polarizing beamsplitter (PBS) and pass through the quarter-wave plate (QWP) oriented at 45°a bout the azimuthal angle. The measurement beam reflects from a mirror (M...

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Aspects of design and the characterization of a high resolution heterodyne displacement interferometer

et al. 2009

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Validation of a single fibre-fed heterodyne laser interferometer with nanometre uncertainty

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Validation of separated source frequency delivery for a fiber-coupled heterodyne displacement interferometer

Validation of separated source frequency delivery for a fiber-coupled heterodyne displacement interferometer

Fiber-coupled displacement interferometry without periodic nonlinearity

Aspects of design and the characterization of a high resolution heterodyne displacement interferometer

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