Validation of a three-dimensional facial scanning system based on structured light techniques

Ma, Lili; Xu, Tianmin; Jun, Lin

doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2009.01.010

Cited by 99 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The ideal scanner should feature both: high accuracy and precision. Studies evaluating scanners in medicine have mostly investigated one special anatomical area with a particular scanner and found accuracy and precision of the 3-D devices reasonable enough to recommend them for clinical application without investigating if the specific scanning systems or maybe a different device is best suited for the anatomical region of interest [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Our study, testing various scanners based on different technologies on three different kinds of complex surfaces for the first time, is able to corroborate these findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The sheep skulls have been chosen as research object because manual distance measurements between well-established anatomical landmarks has been approved and validated in our previous study [20]. With human subjects, reliable measurements exploring limitations in accuracy and precision of the systems would have hardly been possible, given a substantial amount of variables that cannot be standardized, such as skin translucency, reflectivity, colour or artifacts caused by movement [13][14][15][16][17][18]. So far, a number of publications used single scanners for anthropometric measurements or clinical studies of individual body regions [21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the medical field, the established technology met new challenges: different anatomical regions of the human body feature structures of varying complexity. Therefore, standardization and validation studies of 3-D surface assessment were performed for different anatomical regions in previous studies [12][13][14][15], but comparison of different scanning systems for varying anatomical complexity are still lacking and limits characterization of medical application fields for specific 3-D scanning systems [16][17][18]. The fragmentary nature of the existing evidence and the fact that so far scanners have been tested mostly in small clinical series rather than in systematic and standardized studies, hinder assessment and further clinical dissemination [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes

et al. 2012

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Three-dimensional (3-D) surface imaging has gained clinical acceptance, especially in the field of craniomaxillo-facial and plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. Six scanners based on different scanning principles (Minolta Vivid 910®, Polhemus FastSCAN™, GFM PRIMOS®, GFM TopoCAM®, Steinbichler Comet® Vario Zoom 250, 3dMD DSP 400®) were used to measure five sheep skulls of different sizes. In three areas with varying anatomical complexity (areas, 10high; 20moderate; 30 low), 56 distances between 20 landmarks are defined on each skull. Manual measurement (MM), coordinate machine measurements (CMM) and computer tomography (CT) measurements were used to define a reference method for further precision and accuracy evaluation of different 3-D scanning systems. MM showed high correlation to CMM and CT measurements (both r00.987; p<0.001) and served as the reference method. TopoCAM®, Comet® and Vivid 910® showed highest measurement precision over all areas of complexity; Vivid 910®, the Comet® and the DSP 400® demonstrated highest accuracy over all areas with Vivid 910® being most accurate in areas 1 and 3, and the DSP 400® most accurate in area 2. In accordance to the measured distance length, most 3-D devices present higher measurement precision and accuracy for large distances and lower degrees of precision and accuracy for short distances. In general, higher degrees of complexity are associated with lower 3-D assessment accuracy, suggesting that for optimal results, different types of scanners should be applied to specific clinical applications and medical problems according to their special construction designs and characteristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes

et al. 2012

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“…Reproducibility using the laser scanning system was reported to be 0.4 mm with different times 17 and 0.2 mm using the structured light system. 14 Bhatia et al 18 quantified facial surface changes using a structured light scanner and showed little difference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high speed and safe light source mean that this approach can be used in long-term studies and those involving children and large population samples. 14 Previous studies of 3D facial imaging in orthodontic treatment have focused mainly on the short-term effects of bracket bonding 15 or debonding. 16 All of them used laser scanner systems, but no study has yet been conducted to evaluate 3D soft tissue changes after active orthodontic treatment in various malocclusion types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner

Ahn

Chang

Kim

et al. 2014

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) perioral soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment in patients with dentoalveolar protrusion using structured light-based scanners. Materials and Methods: Forty-four Korean adults (19 men and 25 women, 21.4 6 3.4 years) with dentoalveolar protrusion treated by extraction of all four first premolars and then en masse retraction with maximum anchorage were evaluated. Lateral cephalograms and 3D facial scans were obtained before treatment (T1) and immediately after debonding (T2). Superimposition was performed, and 27 perioral landmarks were identified. The 3D changes in the landmarks and ratio of movement of the soft tissue relative to the horizontal incisal tip were evaluated. A paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance were performed. Results: The upper incisors were retracted 5.76 mm and the lower incisors were retracted 4.62 mm (P , .001). The upper lip moved inferoposteriorly, and the lower lip moved superoposteriorly. In the lower lip, upward movement was greater than backward movement (P , .001). The most prominent changes appeared at the greatest bulge area. The relative ratios were 42%-53% in the upper lip area and 22%-82% in the lower lip area. The lip corners moved superoposteriorly (P , .001). Subnasale moved downward (P , .05) and posteriorly (P , .001), while the landmarks under the nostrils moved upward and posteriorly (P , .001). Conclusion: Facial scans from white structured light scanners efficiently evaluated 3D perioral soft tissue in dentoalveolar protrusion patients. Backward movement and significant vertical movement of the lip were observed. The nasal and lip angle areas showed considerable changes. (Angle Orthod. 2014;84:795-802.)

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A review of facial image analysis for delineation of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

Douglas

Mutsvangwa

2010

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

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The facial anomalies associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), some of which are also present in individuals with less severe forms of the broader category of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), are typically identified with the aid of linear distance measurements taken between facial landmarks. Digital facial imaging methods are increasingly being used in syndrome delineation. Distance measurements derived from stereo-photogrammetry and facial surface imaging have been used to study the FAS facial anomalies. Geometric morphometric methods capture the spatial arrangement between landmarks, providing a statistical platform for comparison of facial shapes, and have been shown to hold promise for characterizing the FAS facial shape. We review the progression in the use of imaging and image analysis methods in studies on the facial phenotype associated with FAS.

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Validation of a three-dimensional facial scanning system based on structured light techniques

Cited by 99 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes

Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes

Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner

A review of facial image analysis for delineation of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

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