Validation of a virtual reality simulator for the use of transvaginal ultrasonography in gynaecology and early pregnancy

Abstract

Introduction: The objective was to validate a virtual reality simulation ultrasound model as a tool for training in the use of transvaginal ultrasonography in gynaecology and early pregnancy. Methods: Three separate groups consisting of novice and intermediate level residents as well as expert ultrasound examiners were recruited to the study. All were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographic data and ultrasound experience. They subsequently completed two modules: basic gynaecology and early pregnancy, followed by corresponding assessments using a high-fidelity simulator (Scantrainer; Medaphor TM , Cardiff, UK). Finally, the expert group completed an additional questionnaire about various elements of the simulator using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Each group consisted of eight participants. Overall, the participants agreed that simulation played a role in training (Novices: 75% (n = 6); Intermediates: 100% (n = 8); Experts: 75% (n = 6)). For the degree of realism of the target objects in the gynaecology and early pregnancy module environments compared to a real-patient environment, the simulator was rated satisfactory or very satisfactory by 88% (n = 7) and 75% (n = 6) of experts, respectively. All experts rated the overall usefulness of the content of the simulator for learning fundamental ultrasound technical skills compared to current training methods to be at least satisfactory. When reviewing the assessment scores, experts scored higher than non-experts in gynaecology (P = 0.002) and early pregnancy modules (P = 0.03). Discussion: Face, content and construct validity were demonstrated by the virtual reality ultrasound simulator, suggesting it may be an effective method for training ultrasound skills in gynaecology and early pregnancy to non-expert residents.

Trans-vaginal ultrasound simulation: An exploratory qualitative research study focused on the end-users perception of learning

“…Two thirds felt that it would improve clinical skills but given lack of practical exposure these perceptions were theoretical. Another study of twenty-four participants limited perception to questionnaire analysis [14]. Another study of 15 doctors, showed improved confidence, more systematic approach and documentation [16] but also limited perceptions to questionnaire analysis.…”

“…Of the publications to date that studied trainee's perspectives of TVUS simulation training, most are quantitative studies using questionnaires or self-assessed confidence scores [10,[13][14][15][16][17] with one mixed methods study [12]. In contrast, qualitative research allows use of open-ended questions that aim to explore what is important to the trainee themselves.…”

Telemedicine and remote training: the impact on obstetrics and gynaecology training

“…These technologies offer a lowrisk opportunity for trainees to acquire basic skills in a safe environment. 39 The ethical case for promoting simulation training is strong, allowing trainees to increase their exposure without compromising patient care. Telesimulation refers to the use of simulation training with the trainer and trainee locations connected via the internet.…”

“…Technology‐based simulation refers to the use of ultrasound model trainers, box trainers for laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, and virtual reality simulators. These technologies offer a low‐risk opportunity for trainees to acquire basic skills in a safe environment 39 . The ethical case for promoting simulation training is strong, allowing trainees to increase their exposure without compromising patient care.…”

Effectiveness of Ultrasound Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology Education: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Some studies examined the question of validity concurrently or in isolation, so there is limited evidence on construct validity of simulators. 11,14,29,[48][49][50] Though literature on the use of US simulation is sparse, it consistently showed its usefulness in US education in OB GYN.…”