Validation of an Analytical Biomarker Approach for the Detection of Nandrolone Abuse in the Porcine

Scarth, James; Clarke, Adam; Hands, Jonathan; Teale, P.; Mill, Aileen C.; Macarthur, Roy; Kay, Jack F.; Brabander, Hubert De

doi:10.1365/s10337-010-1652-4

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…-Can be combined with some other screening approaches such as threshold concentrations if the same analytical technique is used. Threshold concentrations (urine, plasma/serum) [42][43][44][46][47][48] -Can be used for both screening and confirmation by using different thresholds.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as analytical limits of detection decrease, it is also likely that further steroids will be discovered as endogenous in food-producing animals. For example, since the time that the review article of Scarth et al [35] was published, the following steroids have been discovered to be endogenous: 19-noretiocholanolone in boars and gilts, [42] a range of different nandrolone metabolites in steers and heifers, [47,80] wethers, rams and ewes [48] as well as prednisolone in cattle. [81] Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that some types of wooden crate in which veal calves are housed may contain precursors to Boldenone.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, 19-noretiocholanolone was at one time considered to be a qualitative marker metabolite for detecting the abuse of nandrolone in the porcine, [41] but was subsequently discovered to be endogenous when more sensitive methods were applied. [42] Therefore, it may be wise to restrict the reporting of marker metabolite results to those that are determined to be at least above the limit of detection (LOD) that was applied in the initial validation study or, depending upon the balance of risk, to apply a safety factor to the LOD below which a compliant result will be reported.…”

Section: Marker Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42] Statistical analysis of the population data was carried out in order to suggest screening and confirmatory thresholds for this steroid in the urine of boars and gilts. Because of the non-normal distribution of the data, it was necessary to use a non-parametric method of statistical analysis and the Chebyshev inequality was considered the most suitable as it makes minimal assumptions about the population distribution and produces conservative thresholds relative to methods based on normally distributed data.…”

Section: Threshold Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Scarth¹,

Kay

Teale³

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Detection of the abuse of synthetic steroids in food production is nowadays relatively straightforward using modern techniques such as gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, respectively). However, proving the abuse of 'endogenous' (or naturally occurring) steroids is more difficult. Despite these difficulties, significant progress in this area has recently been made and a number of methods are now available.The aim of the current review was to systematically review the available analytical approaches, which include threshold concentrations, qualitative 'marker' metabolites, intact steroid esters, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), longitudinal testing and 'omics' biomarker profiling. The advantages/disadvantages of these methods are considered in detail, but the choice of which to adopt is dictated by a number of practical, political, and economic factors, which vary in different parts of the world. These include the steroid/species combination requiring analysis, the matrix tested, whether samples are collected from live or slaughtered animals, available analytical instrumentation, sample throughput/cost, and the relevant legal/regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, these approaches could be combined in a range of different parallel and/or sequential screening/confirmatory testing streams, with the final choice being determined by the aforementioned considerations.Despite these advances, more work is required to refine the different techniques and to respond to the ever increasing list of compounds classified as 'endogenous'. At this advanced stage, however, it is now more important than ever for scientists and regulators from across the world to communicate and collaborate in order to harmonize and streamline research efforts.

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Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Marker Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Threshold Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Scarth¹,

Kay

Teale³

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Such a biomarker approach was already proven effective to unequivocally point out steroid treated animals, i.e. livestock being administered with prednisolone [ 18 ], 4-androstenedione [ 19 ], 17β-nandrolone laureate esters and 17β-estradiol 3-benzoate [ 20 ], or nadrolone [ 21 ]. Hereby, adequate analytical techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance or full-scan mass spectrometry (time of flight, Orbitrap or Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance), are most suited to perform global metabolome analyses [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of urinary biomarkers to discriminate between exogenous and semi-endogenous thiouracil in cattle: A parallel-like randomized design

et al. 2018

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In the European Union, the use of thyreostats for animal fattening purposes has been banned and monitoring plans have been established to detect potential abuse. However, this is not always straightforward as thyreostats such as thiouracil may also have a semi-endogenous origin. Therefore, this study aimed at defining urinary metabolites, which may aid in defining the origin of detected thiouracil. Hereto, a parallel-like randomized in vivo study was conducted in which calves (n = 8) and cows (n = 8) were subjected to either a control treatment, rapeseed-enriched diet to induce semi-endogenous formation, or thiouracil treatment. Urine samples (n = 330) were assessed through metabolic fingerprinting, employing liquid-chromatography and Q-ExactiveTM Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Urinary fingerprints comprised up to 40,000 features whereby multivariate discriminant analysis was able to point out significant metabolome differences between treatments (Q2(Y) ≥ 0.873). Using the validated models, a total of twelve metabolites (including thiouracil) were assigned marker potential. Combining these markers into age-dependent biomarker panels rendered a tool by which sample classification could be improved in comparison with thiouracil-based thresholds, and this during on-going thiouracil treatment (specificities ≥ 95.2% and sensitivities ≥ 85.7%), post-treatment (sensitivities ≥ 80% for ≥ 24 h after last administration), and simulated low-dose thiouracil treatment (exogenous thiouracil below 30 ng μL-1). Moreover, the metabolic relevance of revealed markers was supported by the suggested identities, for which a structural link with thiouracil could be determined in most cases. The proposed biomarker panels may contribute to a more justified decision-making in monitoring thiouracil abuse.

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Hormones and &;#x003B2;&;#x02010;Agonists

Ginkel

Bovee

Blokland

et al. 2016

Chemical Analysis of Non&;#x02010;antimicrobial Veterinary Drug Residues in Food

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Validation of an Analytical Biomarker Approach for the Detection of Nandrolone Abuse in the Porcine

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Discovery of urinary biomarkers to discriminate between exogenous and semi-endogenous thiouracil in cattle: A parallel-like randomized design

Hormones and &;#x003B2;&;#x02010;Agonists

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