Validation of an easy questionnaire on the assessment of salt habit: the MINISAL-SIIA Study Program

D’Elia, Lanfranco; Manfredi, Martina; Strazzullo, Pasquale; Galletti, Ferruccio

doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0204-0

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The second step was a literature search on questionnaire development and food literacy [13,14,27,28]. This brought to the first version of the questionnaire, phrased in a comprehensible language, avoiding the use of technical-scientific terms, and tested on a pilot sample of 300 adolescents and adults with different educational and occupational levels (exploratory factor analysis).…”

Section: Development Of a Salt Literacy Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy

Idelson¹,

D’Elia²,

Cairella

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Background and aim: Excess sodium intake is a recognised causal factor of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications; there is however a lack of practical instruments to assess and monitor the level of knowledge and behaviour about dietary salt intake and to relate these factors to the population general dietary habits. Methods and Results: A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess the salt and health related knowledge and behaviour of the Italian population through an online survey. A sample of 11,618 Italian participants completed the questionnaire. The degree of knowledge and the reported behaviour about salt intake were both found to be related to age, gender, home region, level of education and occupation. There was a significant interrelation between salt knowledge and behaviour and both were significantly and directly related to the degree of adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern. A hierarchical evaluation was also made of the relevance of any single question to the overall assessment of knowledge and behaviour about salt intake. Conclusions: The study population overall appeared to have a decent level of knowledge about salt, but a less satisfactory behaviour. Our findings point to social inequalities and young age as the main factors having a negative impact on knowledge and behaviour about salt intake as part of generally inadequate dietary habits. The degrees of knowledge and behaviour were significantly and directly interrelated, confirming that improving knowledge is a key step for behavioural changes, and suggesting that educational campaigns are crucial for the implementation of good practices in nutrition.

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Section: Development Of a Salt Literacy Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy

Idelson¹,

D’Elia²,

Cairella

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…Furthermore, similar to what was reported previously (Lee et al 2014) and was hypothesised in this study, self-reported salt eating habit did translate into the actual amount of salt consumed and may potentially be used as a proxy to determine salt consumption if further developed into a questionnaire. For example, D'Elia, Manfredi, Strazzullo, & Galletti (2019) developed a short questionnaire on the assessment of salt habit in hypertensive patients that reflects their salt intake. Based on the results of the present study, a similar approach may be employed in a younger, healthy population.…”

Section: The Associations Between Salt Taste Preference Self-reported Salt Habit and Salt Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

The associations between genetics, salt taste perception and salt intake in young adults

Pilic

Lubasinski

Berk

et al. 2020

Food Quality and Preference

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Food liking is one of the main determinants of food intake. Salt taste perception and preference, that play a role in liking of salt, may be genetically determined, although research in humans is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between genetics, salt taste perception, preference, self-reported salt habit and intake. The participants were young (18-35 years) and healthy adults (32 males and 63 females). Salt taste thresholds were determined with British Standard ISO3972:2011 methodology and salt taste preference by ratings of saltiness and pleasantness of tomato soup with salt concentrations reflecting salt content in foods. Self-reported salt habit was determined by asking participants how salty they usually eat their food and salt intake with two 24-hour 5-step multiple pass recalls.Genotyping for variants in the SCNN1B rs239345 and TRPV1 rs8065080 was performed.Participants homozygous for the minor allele of the rs8065080 had lower ratings of saltiness (p = 0.008) and higher ratings of pleasantness of soup (p = 0.027) when compared to major allele carriers. Preference for salt in soup was associated with salt habit (p = 0.003) and participants with high salt preference had higher salt intake compared to those with low salt preference (2236 ± 261 vs. 1543 ± 107 mg/1000 kcal, p = 0.017). TRPV1 rs8065080 may play a role in salt taste perception and preference, which should be confirmed in a larger sample size study. Hedonic appeal of salty food should be considered when providing personalised advice to change this behaviour.

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“…Selfreported dietary data are often inaccurate as salt intake is both obvious (discretionary salt added to foods at the table or during cooking), as well as not-obvious, for example, in processed or packaged foods. Although a number of authors, including ourselves, have developed and validated short dietary assessment food frequency questionnaires to provide an estimate of salt intake that tend to correlate reasonably well with urinary biomarkers [18][19][20][21], such instruments tend to underestimate total 24 h urinary excretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine samples in South African adults: a comparison of four equations

et al. 2019

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Repeated 24-hour urine collection is considered to be the gold standard for assessing salt intake. This is often impractical in large-population studies, especially in low-middle-income countries. Equations to estimate 24-hour urinary salt excretion from a spot urine sample have been developed, but have not been widely validated in African populations. This study aimed to systematically assess the validity of four existing equations to predict 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24UNa) from spot urine samples in a nationally representative sample of South Africans. Spot and 24-hour urine samples were collected in a subsample (n = 438) of participants from the World Health Organisation Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 in South Africa in 2015. Measured 24UNa values were compared with predicted 24UNa values from the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT and Mage equations using Bland-Altman plots. In this subsample (mean age 52.8 ± 16.4 years; body mass index 30.2 ± 8.2 kg/m 2 ; 76% female; 73% black African; 42% hypertensive), all four equations produced a significantly different population estimate compared with the measured median value of 6.7 g salt/day (IQR 4.4-10.5). Although INTERSALT underestimated salt intake (−3.77 g/d; −1.64 to −7.09), the other equations overestimated by 1.28 g/d (−3.52; 1.97), 6.24 g/d (2.22; 9.45), and 17.18 g/d (8.42; 31.96) for Tanaka, Kawasaki, and Mage, respectively. Bland-Altman curves indicated unacceptably wide levels of agreement. Use of these equations to estimate population level salt intake from spot urine samples in South Africans is not recommended.

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Validation of an easy questionnaire on the assessment of salt habit: the MINISAL-SIIA Study Program

Abstract: The main results of the study indicates that a higher score of this short questionnaire is distinctive of habitual high salt consumption in hypertensive patients.

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy

Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy

The associations between genetics, salt taste perception and salt intake in young adults

Prediction of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine samples in South African adults: a comparison of four equations

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