“…Moreover, the PCWP method is not easy to implement, as exemplified by the frequent occurrence of partial wedging and balloon overinflation (59,74). Similarly, proper implementation of the thermodilution method is hindered by variations in injectate volume, rate, and temperature, which introduce 10 -15% error in the measurement (26,48,72,103). Perhaps due in part to these limitations along with the moderate level of invasiveness of the pulmonary artery catheter, this longstanding ICU device has yet to reveal a clinical benefit (see, e.g., Refs.…”