Validation of Krathom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i> Korth.) Dependence Scale (KDS): A Dependence Screen for Internationally Emerging Psychoactive Substance

Saingam, Darika; Assanangkornchai, Sawitri; Geater, Alan; Lerkiatbundit, Sanguan

doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.924464

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The lack of incidence data is a result of the current state of undiscoverable use of kratom in pregnancy. Adoption of a validated tool, such as the kratom dependence scale, may assist in screening for the increasing use of psychoactive substances [32]. Understanding the presence of exposure to psychoactive substances during pregnancy assists in anticipating the observation of withdrawal symptoms for both mother and infant in the postpartum period, and scheduling the appropriate timing of discharge to home.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of mothers and newborns to prenatal exposure to kratom: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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Kratom is a legal, widely available substance that contains opioid agonist alkaloids. Due to the marketing of kratom as an opioid alternative for treatment of pain, anxiety, depression, or to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms, the use of kratom has increased among persons in the USA including pregnant women. This systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature regarding kratom in relation to maternal and infant outcomes resulted in analysis of six case reports of prenatal kratom exposure. Maternal and infant withdrawal from kratom exposure was described in each case, resulting in pharmacologic treatment for both mothers and infants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of mothers and newborns to prenatal exposure to kratom: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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“…Kratom has been found to be addictive, and prolonged use can lead to dependence and withdrawal problems (Burkill, 1935;Saingam, Assanangkornchai, Geater, & Lerkiatbundit, 2014;Saingam, Assanangkornchai, Geater, & Lerkiatbundit, 2016;Singh et al, 2014;Vicknasingam et al, 2010). In fact, regular users were found to face higher odds of increasing their kratom intake overtime as compared to occasional users (Cinosi et al, 2015;Saingam et al, 2016;Singh et al, 2014;Suwanlert, 1975).…”

Section: Dependence and Withdrawalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia

Singh

Narayanan

Vicknasingam

et al. 2017

Human Psychopharmacology

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“… 4 Kratom alone, or in combination with other substances, has been shown to cause dependence and withdrawal symptoms following repeated consumption. 2 , 18 – 21 Kratom has the potential herb–drug interaction on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activity. This was shown in one study, with potent inhibitory effect for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, moderate effect for CYP1A2, and weak effect for CYP2C19, 22 whereas in another study, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine also showed the inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man

Trakulsrichai¹,

Sathirakul²,

Auparakkitanon³

et al. 2015

DDDT

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BackgroundKratom, known botanically as Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.), is an indigenous tree in Southeast Asia. Kratom is currently easily available worldwide via special shops and the Internet to use as a drug of abuse, opioid alternative, or pain killer. So far, the pharmacokinetics of this plant has been studied only in animals, and there is no such study in humans. The major abundant active alkaloid in Kratom, mitragynine, is one of the promising new chemical substances to be developed as a new drug. The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and assess the linearity in pharmacokinetics in chronic users.MethodsSince Kratom is illegal in Thailand, studies in healthy subjects would be unethical. We therefore conducted a prospective study by enrolling ten chronic, regular, healthy users. We adjusted the steady state in each subject by giving a known amount of Kratom tea for 7 days before commencement of the experiment. We admitted and gave different oral doses to subjects to confirm linearity in pharmacokinetics. The mitragynine blood concentrations at 17 times points and the urine concentrations during the 24-hour period were collected and measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.ResultsTen male subjects completed the study without adverse reactions. The median duration of abuse was 1.75 years. We analyzed one subject separately due to the abnormal behavior of blood concentration. From data of nine subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters established were time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (0.83±0.35 hour), terminal half-life (23.24±16.07 hours), and the apparent volume of distribution (38.04±24.32 L/kg). The urine excretion of unchanged form was 0.14%. The pharmacokinetics were observed to be oral two-compartment model.ConclusionThis was the first pharmacokinetic study in humans, which demonstrated linearity and was consistent with the oral two-compartment model with a terminal half-life of about 1 day. The pharmacokinetic linearity and parameters reported are necessary pharmacological information of Kratom, and there is a possibility for it to be developed medically as a pain killer or better opioid substitute in the future.

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Validation of Krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Dependence Scale (KDS): A Dependence Screen for Internationally Emerging Psychoactive Substance

Abstract: The KDS appears to capture key theoretical constructs and correlates with indices of drug dependence by standard criteria. It should be useful in early intervention for those with krathom use disorders in community and primary care settings.

Cited by 31 publications

References 26 publications

Outcomes of mothers and newborns to prenatal exposure to kratom: a systematic review

Outcomes of mothers and newborns to prenatal exposure to kratom: a systematic review

Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia

Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man

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