Validation of saliva and urine use and sampling time on the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure, body composition and water turnover in male and female cats

Goloni, Camila; Péres, Fernando Curi; Senhorello, Igor Luiz Salardani; Santo, Ludmilla G. Di; Mendonça, Fernanda S.; Loureiro, Bruna Agy; Pfrimer, Karina; Ferriolli, Eduardo; Pereira, Gener Tadeu; Carciofí, Aulus Cavalieri

doi:10.1017/s0007114520000963

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Another possible explanation for this finding is a potential lack of commitment by the owners, who could be giving extra food to the dogs and making weight loss more difficult (German et al, 2007; Hours et al, 2016). This possibility is a limitation of the study method, reinforcing the necessity of using better methodologies to assess the energy expenditure of domiciled dogs under weight loss programmes, such as the doubly labelled water method (Goloni et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets

Luis

Goloni

Theodoro

et al. 2022

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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This retrospective study evaluated energy and nutrient intake of dogs in a weight loss programme. Ninety‐four obese dogs were divided into three groups: G5–15: from 5% to 15% body weight (BW) loss (n = 55); G155–25: from 15.1% to 25% BW loss (n = 29); and G > 25: more than 25.1% BW loss (n = 10). Five brands of kibble diets designed for weight loss were analysed for crude protein, amino acids, fat, dietary fibre, and minerals. The food metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated (NRC, 2006). Data were compared inside each group using the paired t test and between groups with analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The BW loss (weeks in regimen) was: G5–15, 9.8% ± 2.7% (13.5 ± 5.7 weeks); G15–25, 17.5% ± 2.7% (22.6 ± 11.9 weeks); G > 25, 30.0% ± 2.1% (50.4 ± 17.4% weeks; p < 0.01). The mean weekly BW loss rate was similar between groups (0.8% ± 0.3%; p > 0.05) but was higher during the first (0.96.6% ± 0.5%) than in the second (0.64% ± 0.4%) half of the regimen (p < 0.01). At beginning ME intake for BW loss did not differ (251.6 ± 32.2 kJ/kg0.75/day), but it was lower for G > 25 in the second half of the regimen (230.3 ± 44.3; p = 0.02). Considering the observed ME intake of each dog, depending on the commercial product, intake below recommended for maintenance was verified for crude protein in 1%–20% of the dogs, methionine in 4%–38% of dogs, methionine plus cystine in 4%–22% of dogs, tryptophan in 7%–93% of dogs, potassium in 2%–85% of dogs and magnesium in 1% up to 95% of dogs. Although the diets presented elevated nutrient concentrations per MJ, due to the reduced energy allowance, the estimated intake of several nutrients was lower than the recommendations, highlighting the importance of changing the formulation perspective, which must prioritize the actual nutrient intake per kg of BW during the energy deficit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets

Luis

Goloni

Theodoro

et al. 2022

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…To increase injection accuracy, the syringe was weighed empty, with the isotope solution, and again after solution injection (44) . Saliva samples were collected according to Goloni et al (24) , using hydrophilic cotton externally and adjacent to the mouth, next to the animal's lips. To enable this procedure, salivation was stimulated by placing one drop of sodium dipyrone (500 mg/ml, EMS) onto the cat's mouth, equivalent to 25 mg of dipyrone per cat.…”

Section: Isotope Application Evaluation and Calculation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caution was taken to prevent the cotton from absorbing moisture from the air before use by keeping it in sealed bags. All procedures, including isotope injection and saliva sampling, were validated in cats (24) . All saliva collections were performed by a trained veterinarian (C.G.…”

Section: Isotope Application Evaluation and Calculation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 6:100 (v/v) solution of 2 H at 99•9 atm% and 18 O at 10 atm% was prepared and subcutaneously applied between the scapulae after 12 h of fasting and after 2 h without water. Then, 0•3 ml of 20 % NaCl was mixed and infused together to increase the isotope solution osmolality close to the interstice, avoiding discomfort to the cats (24) . To increase the accuracy of the injection, the syringe was weighed empty, with the 20 % NaCl solution, with the isotope solution and again after injection (44) .…”

Section: Isotope Application Evaluation and Calculation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High starch intake favours body weight control in neutered and spayed cats living in homes fed ad libitum

Goloni,

Pacheco,

Luis

et al. 2024

Br J Nutr

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Different starch-to-protein ratios were compared among neutered and spayed domiciled cats. Male and female obese and non-obese cats were fed kibble diets ad libitum for four months high in starch (HS(38%CP): starch 32%, protein 38%; dry-matter basis) or high in protein (HP(55%CP): starch 19%, protein 55%) but similar in energy and fat in a crossover design. Physical activity was evaluated using an accelerometer, and body composition (BC), energy expenditure (EE), and water turnover (WT) using the doubly labelled water method. Results were compared in a 2 diet × 2 sex × 2 body condition factorial arrangement. Cats fed the HS(38%CP) diet maintained a constant bodyweight, but lean mass (LM) tended to be reduced in female obese but to be increased in male non-obese (P<0•08) and increased in female non-obese cats (P=0•01). The HP(55%CP) diet induced an increase in cat bodyweight and LM (P<0•05) without altering BC proportion. EE tended to be higher in males (351 (SE 8) kJ/kg0.67/day) than females (330 (SE 8) kJ/kg0.67/day; P=0•06), was unaffected by diet or BC, decreased as age increased (R 2 0.44; P<0•01), and increased as physical activity increased (R 2 0.58; P<0•01). WT was higher for the HP(55%CP) diet (P<0•01) and increased with EE (R 2 0.65; P<0•01). The HS(38%CP) diet favoured bodyweight control during four months of ad libitum feeding. Caution is necessary to balance protein in diets of female obese cats over five years, as they may have low energy and food intake, with LM loss.

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“…A recent study [ 15 ] evaluated the relationships between oral sensory exposure and hormones involved in longer oral processing and how these relationships might have influenced satiation and food intake in humans [ 15 , 21 , 22 ]. It is well known that saliva contains information not only about the composition of the food, but also on the biological and physical properties where recently studies [ 23 , 24 ] reported saliva might be associated with body composition and energy expenditure, which were highly associated with satiety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Satiety from the Analysis of Human Saliva Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Smyth

Gidley

et al. 2022

Foods

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to analyze unstimulated saliva as a method to predict satiety in healthy participants. This study also evaluated features in saliva that were related to individual perceptions of human–food interactions. The coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error in cross validation (SECV) for the prediction of satiety in all saliva samples were 0.62 and 225.7 satiety area under the curve (AUC), respectively. A correlation between saliva and satiety was found, however, the quantitative prediction of satiety using unstimulated saliva was not robust. Differences in the MIR spectra of saliva between low and high satiety groups, were observed in the following frequency ratios: 1542/2060 cm−1 (total protein), 1637/3097 cm−1 (α-amino acids), and 1637/616 (chlorides) cm−1. In addition, good to excellent models were obtained for the prediction of satiety groups defined as low or high satiety participants (R2 0.92 and SECV 0.10), demonstrating that this method could be used to identify low or high satiety perception types and to select participants for appetite studies. Although quantitative PLS calibration models were not achieved, a qualitative model for the prediction of low and high satiety perception types was obtained using PLS-DA. Furthermore, this study showed that it might be possible to evaluate human/food interactions using MIR spectroscopy as a rapid and cost-effective tool.

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Validation of saliva and urine use and sampling time on the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure, body composition and water turnover in male and female cats

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets

Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets

High starch intake favours body weight control in neutered and spayed cats living in homes fed ad libitum

Predicting Satiety from the Analysis of Human Saliva Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

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