Validation of the 13C-bicarbonate tracer technique for determination of CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies by indirect calorimetry

Jensen, Rasmus Bovbjerg; Larsson, Caroline; Junghans, P.; Tauson, Anne‐Helene

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.12.017

Cited by 6 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In previous studies, RQ values were found to be 0.85 in fasted humans (Junghans et al, 2008) and in fasted bulls (Junghans et al, 2007). For ponies fed simultaneously with administration of 13 C-bicarbonate (similar to T 0 in this study) RQ values of 0.79 were found, independent of administration route (IV or oral; Jensen et al, 2015). This is in agreement with the present results, where an average RQ of 0.81 was found regardless of administration route.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The average RQ Figure 3 Effect of feeding 3 h before (T − 3 ), at the same time (T 0 ) or 3 h after (T + 3 ) a dose of 13 C-bicarbonate on O 2 consumption (l/kg BW per day), CO 2 production (l/kg BW per day) and respiratory quotient (RQ) measured hourly by indirect calorimetry for 6 h. must be estimated better than with 10% error to avoid erroneous estimation of EE (Junghans et al, 2008). An error of +0.1 in absolute RQ units (if the 'true' RQ is assumed to be 0.81) would underestimate EE with 8.5% in the present experiment, which is in accordance with Junghans et al (2007) and Jensen et al (2015), who, with a similar error in RQ, estimated the error in EE to be 8% to 9% in bulls and ponies, respectively. To reduce factors influencing RQ, Jensen et al (2015) suggested that feeding the animals immediately before and during measurements ought to be avoided in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Measurements in the field are based on spot sampling of breath air with a mask and breath bags before and after 13 C-bicarbonate administration as described by Jensen et al (2015). During the measurements in this study, not all ponies consumed the hay that was offered in the respiration chambers, and it was previously found that confinement of ponies in respiration chambers may affect their natural behaviour, and it was suggested that nutritional influences on the measurements of CO 2 production and EE could be avoided in fasted animals (Jensen et al, 2015). The present results clearly demonstrated that feeding affects the CO 2 production and EE and highlights that feeding must be standardized when measurements are performed in the field.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 13 C-BT has successfully been used to estimate EE in humans (Junghans et al, 2008) and different animal species, including goats (Junghans et al, 1997;Prieto et al, 2001), bulls (Junghans et al, 2007), dogs (Larsson et al, 2014) and it has been validated against IC in ponies (Jensen et al, 2015). Administration of 13 C-bicarbonate has been done as a single intravenous (IV) bolus dose (Junghans et al, 2007;Jensen et al, 2015) or by continuous IV infusion (Prieto et al, 2001;Urschel et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Administration of 13 C-bicarbonate has been done as a single intravenous (IV) bolus dose (Junghans et al, 2007;Jensen et al, 2015) or by continuous IV infusion (Prieto et al, 2001;Urschel et al, 2009). However, oral administration of 13 C-bicarbonate has also been used (Junghans et al, 2008;Larsson et al, 2014;Jensen et al, 2015), meaning that the 13 C-BT may be used as a non-invasive method for measuring CO 2 production and hence EE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

Jensen

Kyrstein

Junghans

et al. 2015

Animal

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Energy expenditure (EE) can be estimated based on respiratory gas exchange measurements, traditionally done in respiration chambers by indirect calorimetry (IC). However, the 13 C-bicarbonate technique ( 13 C-BT) might be an alternative minimal invasive method for estimation of CO 2 production and EE in the field. In this study, four Shetland ponies were used to explore the effect of feeding on CO 2 production and EE measured simultaneously by IC and 13 C-BT. The ponies were individually housed in respiration chambers and received either a single oral or intravenous (IV) bolus dose of 13 C-labelled sodium bicarbonate (NaH 13 CO 3 ). The ponies were fed haylage 3 h before ( T − 3 ), simultaneously with ( T 0 ) or 3 h after ( T + 3 ) administration of 13 C-bicarbonate. The CO 2 produced and O 2 consumed by the ponies were measured for 6 h with both administration routes of 13 C-bicarbonate at the three different feeding times. Feeding time affected the CO 2 production ( P < 0.001) and O 2 consumption ( P < 0.001), but not the respiratory quotient (RQ) measured by IC. The recovery factor (RF) of 13 C in breath CO 2 was affected by feeding time ( P < 0.01) and three different RF were used in the calculation of CO 2 production measured by 13 C-BT. An average RQ was used for the calculations of EE. There was no difference between IC and 13 C-BT for estimation of CO 2 production. An effect of feeding time ( P < 0.001) on the estimated EE was found, with higher EE when feed was offered ( T 0 and T + 3 ) compared with when no feed was available ( T − 3 ) during measurements. In conclusion, this study showed that feeding time affects the RF and measurements of CO 2 production and EE. This should be considered when the 13 C-BT is used in the field. IV administration of 13 C-bicarbonate is recommended in future studies with horses to avoid complex 13 C enrichment-time curves with maxima and shoulders as observed in several experiments with oral administration of 13 C-bicarbonate.Keywords: 13 C-bicarbonate, indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure, pony ImplicationsEnergy expenditure (EE) can be estimated based on measurements of respiratory gas exchange. This is traditionally done by indirect calorimetry in respiration chambers. However, the horse has to be confined to the chamber during measurements, which might affect its normal behaviour. Moreover, this technique requires expensive research facilities and skilled personnel. The minimal invasive stable isotope 13 C technique for measuring EE in the field was evaluated successfully in ponies. The present study developed this technique further and the results provide new information on how it can be used under field conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

Jensen

Kyrstein

Junghans

et al. 2015

Animal

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The oral [¹³C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios

et al. 2015

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The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) was assessed for the determination of short-term energy expenditure (EE) under field conditions. A total of eight Alaskan huskies were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over experiment including two periods of 3 weeks. Effects of diets on EE, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and on plasma hormones, blood lactate and glucose were furthermore investigated. The percentages of metabolisable energy derived from protein (P), fat (F) and carbohydrates (C) were 26:58:16 in the PFC diet and 24:75:1 in the PF diet. Measurements of EE were performed in the post-absorptive state during rest. Blood samples were collected during rest and exercise and ATTD was determined after days with rest and with exercise. EE was higher (P < 0·01) in period 2 than in period 1 (68 v. 48 kJ/kg body weight0·75 per h). The ATTD of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat was higher (P < 0·01) in the PF diet compared with the PFC diet, and lower (P < 0·01) for total carbohydrates. Exercise did not affect ATTD. Higher (P < 0·01) insulin-like growth factor 1 and leptin concentrations were measured when fed the PF diet compared with the PFC diet. Concentrations of insulin decreased (P < 0·01), whereas cortisol and ghrelin increased (P < 0·05), after exercise. There was no effect of diet on blood lactate and glucose, but higher (P < 0·001) lactate concentrations were measured in period 1 than in period 2. The results suggest that the o13CBT can be used in the field to estimate short-term EE in dogs during resting conditions. Higher ATTD and energy density of the PF diet may be beneficial when energy requirements are high.

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The¹³C bicarbonate method: an inverse end product method for measuring CO₂production and energy expenditure

Junghans

Larsson

Jensen

et al. 2015

Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

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We reconsider the principle of the (13)C bicarbonate (NaH(13)CO3) method ((13)C-BM) for the determination of the CO2 production to obtain an estimate of energy expenditure (EE). Its mathematical concept based on a three-compartmental model is related to the [(15)N]glycine end product method. The CO2 production calculated by the (13)C-BM, RaCO2((13)C) is compared to the result from the indirect calorimetry, RCO2(IC). In an interspecies comparison (dog, goat, horse, cattle, children, adult human; body mass ranging from 15 to 350 kg, resting and fasting conditions) we found an excellent correlation between the results of (13)C-BM and IC with RCO2(IC) = 0.703 × RaCO2((13)C), (R(2) = 0.99). The slope of this correlation corresponds to the fractional (13)C recovery (RF((13)C)) of (13)C in breath CO2 after administration of NaH(13)CO3. Significant increase in RF((13)C) was found in physically active dogs (0.95 ± 0.14; n = 5) vs. resting dogs (0.71 ± 0.10, n = 17; p = .015). The (13)C recovery in young bulls was greater in blood CO2 (0.81 ± 0.05) vs. breath CO2 (0.73 ± 0.05, n = 12, p < .001) and in ponies with oral (0.76 ± 0.03, n = 8) vs. intravenous administration of NaH(13)CO3 (0.69 ± 0.07; n = 8; p = .026). We suggest considering the (13)C-BM as a 'stand-alone' method to provide information on the total CO2 production as an index of EE.

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Validation of the 13C-bicarbonate tracer technique for determination of CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies by indirect calorimetry

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

The oral [¹³C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios

The¹³C bicarbonate method: an inverse end product method for measuring CO₂production and energy expenditure

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Validation of the 13C-bicarbonate tracer technique for determination of CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies by indirect calorimetry

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

The effect of feeding on CO2 production and energy expenditure in ponies measured by indirect calorimetry and the 13C-bicarbonate technique

The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios

The13C bicarbonate method: an inverse end product method for measuring CO2production and energy expenditure

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The oral [¹³C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios

The¹³C bicarbonate method: an inverse end product method for measuring CO₂production and energy expenditure