Validation of the Arabic Version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in Sudanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The aim of this study was to validate the Arabic version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A 3-month cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with T2DM at Al-Daraja Health Center, located in Wad Medani, Sudan. A convenient sample of patients was selected, and the study sample size was calculated using the item response ratio. Factorial, known group, and construct validities were determined. Internal consistency and reliability were also determined. Results: Responses were provided by 500 patients. The average medication adherence score was 30 (median 31). The normed fit index (NFI) was 0.950, the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.963, the incremental fit index (IFI) was 0.963, and the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.071. The results from these fit indices indicated a good model. Factorial, known group and construct validities were all established. A significant association was found between adherence score and age (P = 0.03) since a larger proportion of older patients were found to have high adherence compared to patients in other age groups. The reliability (α) of the questionnaire was 0.834. Conclusion:The Arabic version of GMAS was validated in Sudanese patients with T2DM making it a suitable scale to be used in this population.

Medication Adherence after Myocardial Infarction: The Impact of Anxiety and Depression

“…Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with 0 for always, 1 for mostly, 2 for sometimes, and 3 for never. The scoring of the final outcome was classified as poor (0-10), low (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), partial (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26), good (27)(28)(29), or high adherence (30)(31)(32)(33). To determine the prevalence of medication adherence, it was classified into two categories: non-adherence (0-16) and adherence (>16-33), according to Meng et al (19).…”

“…To determine the prevalence of medication adherence, it was classified into two categories: non-adherence (0-16) and adherence (>16-33), according to Meng et al (19). The reliability of the Arabic version of the GMAS was ensured in the study of Mahmoud et al (2020), as Cronbach Alpha was 0.834 (20). The assessment of anxiety and depression utilized the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (21), which consists of two sub-scales: one for anxiety and one for depression.…”

Development and Evaluation of Interactive Flipped e-Learning (iFEEL) for Pharmacy Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…The reliability (internal consistency) of the surveys was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha (α) value. An α value above 0.7 was considered acceptable [ 36 , 37 , 42 ].…”

Arabic translation and cultural adaptation of Hill-Bone compliance to high blood pressure therapy scale

“…Although there have been a few medication generic and disease-specific adherence scales translated and validated into the Arabic language besides the Hill-Bone CHBPT scale, none of these scales were specifically designed to assess patient adherence to HTN medications ( Ashur et al, 2015 , Shilbayeh and Ibrahim, 2020 , Souaiby et al, 2020 , Alhazzani et al, 2021 , Alammari et al, 2021 , Ibrahim et al, 2021 , Islam et al, 2021 , Mahmoud et al, 2021 , Awwad et al, 2022 ). Shahin et al utilized Arabic versions of the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) and the Medication Adherence Questionnaire in Middle Eastern refugees and migrants with HTN in Australia to determine the association between medication beliefs and adherence ( Shahin, Kennedy et al, 2020 ).…”