Validation of the Christo Inventory for Substance-misuse Services (CISS): a simple outcome evaluation tool

Christo, George; Spurrell, Sally; Alcorn, Ron

doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00117-9

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Client outcome information was gathered using data from completed Christo Inventory for Substance-misuse Services (CISS) forms (Christo et al, 2000). CISS is an outcome measurement tool which enables evaluation of change in the misuse of substances, related behaviours and circumstances by clients over an extended period of time.…”

Section: Client Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of worker values on client outcomes within a drug treatment service

Phillips¹,

Bourne

2008

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background: Little attention has been paid to understanding the impact of values, attributes and characteristics of drugs workers on therapeutic relationships and treatment outcomes. Interaction of values with other variables is considered to be of importance since values play a role in determining attitudes and behaviours. This exploratory study investigates the impact of drug workers' personal values on client outcomes within a drug treatment service. Methods: 8 drug workers and 58 clients were recruited at a UK charity working with problematic drug users who are also socially excluded. Drug workers completed a validated questionnaire (Schwartz, 1992) to elicit their personal values. Client outcomes were assessed using the Christo Inventory for Substance Misuse Services (Christo et al., 2000). The relationship between client outcomes and worker values were analysed using Spearman's rank test of association. Results: Drug workers prioritising stimulation, self-direction and hedonism value types experienced more positive client outcomes compared with those prioritising security, conformity, benevolence, tradition and universalism types. The value types associated with positive outcomes fall within Schwartz's 'openness to change' superordinate dimension, whereas those related to more negative outcomes fall within the 'conservation' dimension. Conclusion:The study suggests that drug workers' personal values may have a significant impact upon client outcomes in the treatment of substance misuse. Reasons for this finding are explored, as are limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.Despite the substantial proportion of drugs agencies' funding allocated to human resources, little attention has been paid to the important contribution that drug workers bring to the treatment of those experiencing problematic drug use. The focus of research thus far has tended toward examining models or styles of treatment. Yet, given the complex issues usually associated with problem drug users, drug worker attributes including skills, values, beliefs and adaptability are likely to have some effect in the outcome of treatments.One area where attention has been paid to the contribution of the worker is in the impact of the 'therapeutic alliance' (e.g. Luborsky et al., 1995;Belding et al., 1997;Connors et al., 2000;Joe et al., 2001), conceptualised as the degree to which the therapist and client develop a positive, collaborative relationship (Bordin, 1979;Horvarth, 2001). Within drug treatment settings it is generally accepted that establishing a therapeutic alliance is important, not least because of the difficulties of engaging and retaining clients in treatment (Simpson et al., 1997;Gossop et al., 1999). This view is supported by research that finds that establishing the alliance early on is a "consistent predictor of engagement and retention in drug treatment" (Meier et al., 2005: 313).Despite the importance of retention as a prerequisite for positive treatment outcomes, few studies follow the course of t...

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Section: Client Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drug workers completed a validated questionnaire (Schwartz, 1992) to elicit their personal values. Client outcomes were assessed using the Christo Inventory for Substance Misuse Services (Christo et al, 2000). The relationship between client outcomes and worker values were analysed using Spearman's rank test of association.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of worker values on client outcomes within a drug treatment service

Phillips¹,

Bourne

2008

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…Two-tailed nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to contrast the Brazilian adolescents with 243 London UK adult clients from the original validation study of Christo et al (11) (mostly heroin addicts). The authors present this contrast only to illustrate how the CISS can be used to quantify differences between groups; it is not suggested that these populations are in any way comparable.…”

Section: An Example Of Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some services using the CISS have added supplementary scales to produce a more detailed record of an outcome of particular interest (e.g., drug use, self-esteem). However, the CISS has been shown to correlate well with such scales (11) and their use may be unnecessary for evaluation purposes.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Portuguese version of the Christo Inventory for Substance-Misuse Services: a simple outcome evaluation tool

Christo

Silva

2002

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The Christo Inventory for Substance-Misuse Services (CISS) is a single page outcome evaluation tool completed by drug alcohol service workers either on the basis of direct client interviews or of personal experience of their client supplemented by existing assessment notes. It was developed to assist substance misuse services to empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of their treatments to their respective funding bodies. Its 0 to 20 unidimensional scale consists of 10 items reflecting clients' problems with social functioning, general health, sexual/injecting risk behavior, psychological functioning, occupation, criminal involvement, drug/alcohol use, ongoing support, compliance, and working relationships. Good reliability and validity has already been demonstrated for the CISS [Christo et al., Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000; 59: 189-197] but the original was written in English and a Portuguese version is presented here. The present review explores its applicability to a Brazilian setting, summarizes its characteristics and uses, and describes the process of translation to Portuguese. A pilot study conducted in a substance misuse service for adolescents indicated it is likely to be suitable for use among a Brazilian population. The simplicity, flexibility and brevity of the CISS make it a useful tool allowing comparison of clients within and between many different service settings.

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References

2004

Treating Drinkers and Drug Users in the Community

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Validation of the Christo Inventory for Substance-misuse Services (CISS): a simple outcome evaluation tool

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

The impact of worker values on client outcomes within a drug treatment service

The impact of worker values on client outcomes within a drug treatment service

A Portuguese version of the Christo Inventory for Substance-Misuse Services: a simple outcome evaluation tool

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