Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Saudi Patients With Chronic Diseases

Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Alshayban, Dhafer; Ghori, Syed Azizullah; Mahmoud, Mansour Adam; Haseeb, Abdul; Faidah, Hani; Hassali, Mohamed Azmi

doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00633

Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Factor analyses revealed a 3-factor structure ( Figure 1) with satisfactory fit indices. This finding was in line with previous validation studies of GMAS in Pakistani and Saudi patients (Naqvi et al, 2018b;Naqvi et al, 2019a;Naqvi et al, 2019c). According to Osborne and Costello, a factor with less than three items is generally weak and unstable, especially when the sample size is relatively small (Osborne and Costello, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

et al. 2020

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The aim was to validate the Urdu version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis disease. Methods: A 2-month (March-April 2019) cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. The sample size was calculated using item-subject ratio of 1:20. The scale was evaluated for factorial, concrete, concurrent, and known group validities. Concrete validity was established by correlating scores of EQ-5D quality of life scale and GMAS adherence score. Concurrent validity was established by correlating the GMAS adherence score with pill count. Analyses for sensitivity were also conducted. Cutoff value was determined through receiver operator curve (ROC), and test-retest method was used to analyze internal consistency and reliability. Data were analyzed through IBM SPSS, IBM AMOS, and MedCalc software. The Urdu version of EQ-5D quality of life questionnaire was used with permission from developers (#ID20884). The study was approved by an ethics committee (#NOV:15). Results: A total of 351 responses were analyzed. The response rate was 98%. Reliability was in acceptable range, i.e., Cronbach a = 0.797. Factorial validity was established by calculation of satisfactory fit indices. Correlation coefficients for concrete and concurrent validities were r = 0.687, p < 0.01 and r = 0.779, p < 0.01, respectively. Known group validity was established as significant association of adherence score with insurance and illness duration (p < 0.05) that were reported. Sensitivity of the scale was 94%. Most patients had high adherence (N = 159, 45.3%).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

et al. 2020

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“…Based on available literature, a ratio of 1:5 up to 1:20 could be used for such studies ( Osborne and Costello, 2004 ). We selected the maximum ratio of 1:20 based on methodology of study that validated the English version of GMAS in this population ( Naqvi et al, 2019b ). Henceforth, a ratio of 1:20 implied that a sample of 220 patients was needed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A novel scale termed as the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) was developed and validated in Urdu and English languages in Pakistan; a country with similar culture as Saudi Arabia ( Naqvi et al, 2018 , Naqvi et al, 2019a ). The English version of the scale has already been validated in Saudi patients ( Naqvi et al, 2019b ). However, an Arabic version of the scale is needed to document adherence to medications from a representative population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in Saudi patients with chronic illnesses

Naqvi

Alshayban

Alharbi³

et al. 2020

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

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Purpose The study aimed to translate and validate the Arabic version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in Saudi patients with chronic diseases. Methods A multi-center cross sectional study was conducted for a month in out-patient wards of hospitals in Khobar, Dammam, Makkah, and Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Patients were randomly selected from a registered patient pools at hospitals and the item-subject ratio was kept at 1:20. The tool was assessed for factorial, construct, convergent, known group and predictive validities as well as, reliability and internal consistency of scale were also evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS v24 and MedCalc v19.2. The study was approved by concerned ethics committees (IRB-129-25/6/1439) and (IRB-2019-05-002). Results A total of 282 responses were received. The values for normed fit index (NFI), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI) and incremental fit index (IFI) were 0.960, 0.979, 0.954 and 0.980. All values were >0.95. The value for root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.059, i.e., <0.06. Hence, factorial validity was established. The average factor loading of the scale was 0.725, i.e., >0.7, that established convergent validity. Known group validity was established by obtaining significant p-value <0.05, for the associations based on hypotheses. Cronbach’s α was 0.865, i.e., >0.7. Predictive validity was established by evaluating odds ratios (OR) of demographic factors with adherence score using logistic regression. Sensitivity was 78.16%, specificity was 76.85% and, accuracy of the tool was 77.66%, i.e., >70%. Conclusion The Arabic version of GMAS achieved all required statistical parameters and was validated in Saudi patients with chronic diseases.

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“…The research instruments used for evaluation of patient' disease knowledge and medication adherence were the Arabic versions of the Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKT) and, the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) respectively (Collins et al, 2011;Alhaiti et al, 2016;Fitzgerald et al, 2016;Naqvi et al, 2018;Naqvi and Hassali, 2019;Naqvi et al, 2019a;Naqvi et al, 2019b). The Arabic version of the Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKT-2) is a 23-item questionnaire containing multiple choice questions (MCQs) to assess the knowledge of diabetes mellitus.…”

Section: Research Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scale measures adherence to medications considering patient's behaviors, comorbidities and out-of-pocket expenditures. Each option awards a score and sum of all individual scores yields a patient's adherence to medication (Naqvi et al, 2018;Naqvi et al, 2019a;Naqvi et al, 2019b).…”

Section: Research Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Disease Knowledge and Medication Adherence Among Out-Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Khobar, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2020

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Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the association between disease knowledge and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted for three months, in patients with type 2 diabetes who visited three community pharmacies located in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Patients' disease knowledge and their adherence to medications were documented using Arabic versions of the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test and the General Medication Adherence Scale respectively. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 23. Chi-square test was used to report association of demographics with adherence. Spearman's rank correlation was employed to report the relationship among Hb A1c values, disease knowledge and adherence. Logistic regression model was utilized to report the determinants of medication adherence and their corresponding adjusted odds ratio. Study was approved by concerned ethical committee (IRB-UGS-2019-05-001).Results: A total of 318 patients consented to participate in the study. Mean Hb A1c value was 8.1%. A third of patients (N = 105, 33%) had high adherence and half of patients (N = 162, 50.9%) had disease knowledge between 51% -75%. A significantly weak-tomoderate and positive correlation (r = 0.221, p < 0.01) between medication adherence and disease knowledge was reported. Patients with >50% correct answers in the diabetes knowledge test questionnaire were more likely to be adherent to their medications (AOR 4.46, p < 0.01).Conclusion: Disease knowledge in most patients was average and half of patients had high-to-good adherence. Patients with better knowledge were 4 to 5 times more likely to have high adherence. This highlights the importance of patient education and awareness regarding medication adherence in managing diabetes.

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Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Saudi Patients With Chronic Diseases

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in Saudi patients with chronic illnesses

Association of Disease Knowledge and Medication Adherence Among Out-Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Khobar, Saudi Arabia

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