Validation of the Korean version of the Helicopter Parenting Scale for an expanded age range of young adults

Perceived Helicopter Parenting and Korean Emerging Adults’ Psychological Adjustment: The Mediational Role of Parent–Child Affection and Pressure from Parental Career Expectations

“…Participants were asked about the extent to which they perceived their mother and father as being overinvolved or overcontrolling as they grew up. This relatively comprehensive measure is applicable both to emerging adults who are college students and to those who are not college students and was validated among unmarried Koreans in their 20s and early 30s (Kang and Lee 2017 ). Other HP measures (e.g., Padilla-Walker and Nelson 2012 ; Schiffrin et al 2014 ) are applicable only to college students because some items relate to college settings (e.g., schoolwork, grades, or classes).…”

“…The HPS was developed for U.S. college students using ten items, but LeMoyne and Buchanan suggested deleting three items (#8, #9, #10) based on the results of their exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Korean version of the HPS has been validated in a few studies with samples of Korean college students (Kwon et al 2016 ; Yoo 2014 ; Yoo and Jahng 2016 ), and the validation was recently expanded to Korean young adults aged 19–34 by omitting three items (#3, #5, #10) based on the results of EFA and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; Kang and Lee 2017 ). We used Kang and Lee’s version because we included older, non-student emerging adults.…”

“…A higher score indicated a higher level of perceived HP. We checked the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the HPS (Kang and Lee 2017 ) using EFA, CFA, and Cronbach’s alphas. The Korean HPS with seven items had a one-factor solution and fit the data adequately (mother: χ 2 (14) = 67.976, p < 0.001, TLI = 0.911, CFI = 0.940, RMSEA = 0.084; father: χ 2 (14) = 41.240, p < 0.001, TLI = 0.961, CFI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.061).…”

“…Examining the role of HP is especially relevant for Korean emerging adults in their 20s and early 30s (Kang and Lee 2017 ) who are undergraduate and graduate students as well as those who have already graduated. Although Western researchers have commonly operationalized emerging adults as 18–29 years of age, the age range is not universal but is socio-culturally determined (Arnett 2015 ).…”

“…Approximately 2 years of compulsory military service is another reason Korean men enter the labor force later compared to their peers in other countries (Park 2013 ). Thus, expanding the concept of emerging adults from college students to a broader group of emerging adults is necessary to understand the role of HP in the extended period of emerging adulthood in a Korean context (Kang and Lee 2017 ). U.S. scholars have also underscored the need to include non-college participants in emerging adulthood research (Schwartz 2016 ).…”