Validation of the Samsung Smartwatch for Sleep–Wake Determination and Sleep Stage Estimation

Abstract

Objectives: Galaxy Watch 3 (GW3) is a commercially available smartwatch equipped with a sleep-tracking function capable of collecting longitudinal sleep data in a real-world environment. We aimed to investigate the validity of GW3 for estimating sleep stages compared with reference data from polysomnography (PSG).Methods: Thirty-two healthy adults (mean age 37.8, male 87.5%) were recruited to wear a GW3 concurrently with in-laboratory overnight PSG recording. Sleep parameters, including total sleep time (TST) and the duration of each sleep stage (light, deep, and rapid eye movement [REM] sleep), were calculated for both GW3 and PSG. Sleep parameters were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland–Altman plots. The epoch-by-epoch classification performance was evaluated to determine the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, kappa values, and confusion matrices.Results: Bland–Altman plots showed moderate agreement between GW3 and PSG for TST (ICC=0.640), light sleep (ICC=0.518), and deep sleep (ICC=0.639), whereas REM sleep duration was not reliably estimated using the GW3. The GW3 overestimated TST by a mean of 9.5 min. The sensitivity of epoch-by-epoch sleep detection was 0.954; however, the specificity was 0.524. The sensitivity of each sleep stage estimation was 0.695 for light sleep, 0.612 for deep sleep, and 0.598 for REM sleep. The overall accuracy of GW3 in distinguishing the four-stage sleep epochs was 0.651.Conclusions: GW3 demonstrated high performance in sleep detection but moderate performance in wake determination and sleep stage estimation compared with PSG results, which were comparable to previously reported results for other consumer wearable devices.

Redesigning Pharmacy to Improve Public Health Outcomes: Expanding Retail Spaces for Digital Therapeutics to Replace Consumer Products That Increase Mortality and Morbidity Risks

“…PDT version was also effective for pediatric ADHD [ 41 , 60 , 61 ] Daylight by Big Health CBT-based mobile app marketed for generalized anxiety disorder under the FDA enforcement discretion Long-lasting improvement of generalized anxiety [ 62 , 63 ] Sleepio Digital CBTi intervention for insomnia marketed under FDA enforcement discretion Improves irregular sleeping patterns. Has shown effectiveness in improving sleep quality in working adults and adolescents [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] Rejoyn FDA-cleared adjunct PDT for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) Improvement of depressive symptoms for MDD patients who take antidepressants [ 68 ] Samsung Galaxy Watch FDA-cleared wearable for sleep tracking Supports management and monitoring of sleep, sleep score, and time asleep [ 69 ] Oura ring Consumer wearable for monitoring sleep and general health Supports healthy lifestyle by monitoring sleep, physical activity, heart rate, and overnight blood oxygen level [ 53 , 70 ] Fitbit Consumer activity tracker includes an FDA-cleared detection of irregular heart rhythms as signs of atrial fibrillation Monitoring and promoting physical activity, heart health, and sleep to support healthy lifestyles [ …”