“…In order to take into account millions of loading cycles such as encountered for offshore foundations, the high-cycle accumulation (HCA) model by Niemunis et al (2005) has proven suitable in many previous studies (Machaček et al, 2018;Zachert et al, 2020;Zachert, 2015;Wichtmann et al, 2018;Staubach et al, 2020b;Staubach and Wichtmann, 2020;Staubach et al, 2021a;Staubach et al, 2020a;Jostad et al, 2020;Page et al, 2021;Le et al, 2021;Staubach et al, 2022a). In contrast to conventional constitutive models, the HCA model does not predict the material response during individual cycles but only the trend of stress and strain, allowing consideration of a large number of cycles during a calculation increment.…”