Validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese version

Kitano, Masato; Shoji, Kotaro; Nakaita, Ikumi; Sano, Shinya; Tachibana, Shoichi; Bride, Brian E.; Shigemura, Jun; Waki, Fumiko; Noguchi, Norihito; Koga, Minoru; Toda, Hiroyuki; Yoshino, Aihide; Shimizu, Kunio; Nagamine, Masato

doi:10.1002/npr2.12207

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In addition, Chinese traditional culture places a high value on collectivism and interpersonal communication, leading to individuals experiencing job stress primarily through interpersonal relationship [ 46 ]. This is particularly true for individuals who identify with collectivist cultures, as they typically strive to avoid explicit interpersonal conflict in their interactions [ 47 ]. Moreover, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the revised HCJSQ is 0.903, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient of the revised aggregate table is 0.904, which indicates that the reliability of the revised scale is appropriate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants’ job stress questionnaire

Long,

Yan,

Zhong

et al. 2024

BMC Psychiatry

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Background The Hospital Consultants’ Job Stress Questionnaire (HCJSQ) has been widely used to assess sources and levels of job stress. However, its reliability and validity among Chinese dental workers have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ specifically in Chinese dental workers. Methods The HCJSQ was used to explore the sources and the global ratings of job stress among Chinese dental workers. To assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ, various statistical measures were employed, including Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results Of the participants, 526 (17.4%) reported high levels of stress, while 1,246 (41.3%) and 1,248 (41.3%) reported moderate and low levels of stress, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the modified HCJSQ was 0.903, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.904. Spearman correlation coefficient between individuals’ items and the total score ranged from 0.438 to 0.785 (p < 0.05). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that three factors accounted for 60.243% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated factor loadings between 0.624 and 0.834 on the specified items. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation of 0.064, Normative Fit Index of 0.937, Comparative Fit Index of 0.952, Incremental Fit Index of 0.952, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.941, and Goodness of Fit Index of 0.944. Additionally, the convergent validity and discriminant validity showed a good fit for the three-factor model. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that Chinese dental workers experience high levels of stress, and the three-factor model of the HCJSQ proves to be a suitable instrument for evaluating the sources and levels of job stress among Chinese dental workers. Therefore, it is imperative that relevant entities such as hospitals, medical associations, and government take appropriate measures to address the existing situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants’ job stress questionnaire

Long,

Yan,

Zhong

et al. 2024

BMC Psychiatry

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“…; ztime difference. By careful analysis of the items contained in the two dimensions of C-STSS, it can be found that the first dimension-stress dimension (items 1,4,5,7,8,9,11,15,16,17) mainly describes the influence of STS on helpers' daily life and psychological state (including sleep, mood, concentration, enthusiasm, etc.). And dimension 2-invasion and avoidance dimension (items 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14) mainly describe the content related to the trauma victims they help.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used by doctors, nurses, midwives, respiratory therapists, mental health workers and other social workers in many regions (9)(10)(11)(12). It has been translated into Hungarian (13), French (14), German (15), Japanese (16) and other languages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and Reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese Version

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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ObjectivesTo test the validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version in clinical nurses.MethodsAccording to the translation principles of the Brislin Scale, the original scale was translated, back translated and cross-culturally adapted to form the Chinese version of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Nurses in three general hospitals in Changsha, Hunan province were surveyed by convenient sampling method from July 2020 to September 2021. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity and criterion validity was used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Internal consistency Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale.ResultsA total of 678 nurses were included in the study. There were 460 people in sample 1 and 218 people in sample 2. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. The cumulative contribution was 65.560%. The two-factor structure model was good (χ2/df = 3.137, CFI = 0.928, IFI = 0.929, GFI = 0.842, TLI = 0.917, RMSEA = 0.099). The I-CVI of the scale was 0.8–1.0. The S-CVI/Ave was 0.94. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.956. The broken half reliability is 0.920. The retest reliability is 0.910.ConclusionThis study identified two components of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version, which has 2 dimensions and 17 items. With good validity and reliability, it is suitable for the assessment of secondary traumatic stress among clinical nurses in the Chinese context.

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“…The tool includes a total of 17 different questions that measure stress using five-point, self-rating scales with responses ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 = never and 5 = very often. The questions are clustered into the three elements of STS: (i) intrusion (questions 2, 3, 6, 10, and 13), (ii) arousal (questions 4, 8, 11, 15, and 16), and (iii) avoidance (questions 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 17) [ 24 , 25 ]. In its assessment of stress levels, the questionnaire focuses on the respondents’ experiences in the last seven days.…”

Section: Materials and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scores range between 17 and 85, with the higher scores indicating higher levels of STS. The STSS scores have the following interpretation: <28 indicating little or no STS, 28–37 indicating mild STS, 38–43 indicating moderate STS, 44–48 indicating high STS, and 49 and above indicating severe STS [ 24 , 26 ].…”

Section: Materials and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method study

Alshammari,

Alanazi,

Kreedi

et al. 2024

BMC Nurs

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Background Emergency department (ED) nurses are exposed to the risk of secondary traumatic stress (STS), which poses a threat not only to nurses’ health and psychological well-being but also adversely affects the execution of their professional duties. The quality and outcome of their nursing services are negatively affected by STS. Purpose The purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate the prevalence and intensity of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) among Emergency Department (ED) nurses. It aims to identify and analyze the socio-demographic, occupational, and psychological factors that influence the severity and variation of STS experienced by these nurses. Methods The study utilized a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, including two phases. Phase 1 employed a cross-sectional study design, utilizing a convenience sample of 181 nurses to explore the levels of STS and the factors associated with it. Following this, Phase 2 was structured as a qualitative descriptive study, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews with a purposefully selected group of ten ED nurses. Data collection took place at three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia during the period from January to June 2022. Results A total of 181 participants were included in the study. The mean STSS score reported by the nurses was 51 (SD = 13.23) out of the maximum possible score of 85, indicating severe STS among ED nurses. Factors associated with an increase in the levels of STS among ED nurses included being female, older in age, married, possessing higher education and experience, having a positive relationship with colleagues, receiving organisational support, and dealing with a higher number of trauma cases. Several themes emerged from the qualitative interviews including: ED Characteristics: Dual Impact on STS, Emotional Resonance and Vulnerability, Personal Life Stressors, The Ability to Cope, and Social Support. Conclusion and implications for practice Future strategies and interventions targeting STS should be prioritized to effectively manage its impact on ED nurses. It is crucial to develop targeted interventions that address the specific factors contributing to STS, as identified in this study. Additionally, these findings aim to enhance awareness among nursing administrators, managers, and supervisors about the critical factors associated with STS. This awareness is essential for accurately assessing and developing interventions that mitigate STS among nursing staff.

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Validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese version

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants’ job stress questionnaire

Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants’ job stress questionnaire

Validity and Reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese Version

Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method study

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