“…While there is some support for the three-factor model (Durak & Senol-Durak, 2010;Zarei, Memari, Moshayedi, & Shayestehfar, 2016), a majority of studies have, in accordance with Russell (1996), found that a one-factor model provides poor model fit. These studies have proposed multifactorial solutions that reflect different multidimensional theories of loneliness (e.g., Austin, 1983;Boffo, Mannarini, & Munari, 2012;Dussault et al, 2009;Hartshorne, 1993;Hawkley, Browne, & Cacioppo, 2005;Joiner, Catanzaro, Rudd, & Rajab, 1999;Joiner, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 2002;Lasgaard, 2007;Mahon & Yarcheski, 1990;McWhirter, 1990;Shevlin, Murphy, & Murphy, 2015;Wilson, Cutts, Lees, Mapungwana, & Maunganidze, 1992;Zakahi & Duran, 1982).…”