Validity of an instrumented sock and on-shoe sensor to provide biometric feedback to runners

Stoltenberg, Brian E.; Miller, Erin; Dolbeer, Jeffery; Pickens, Bryan B.; Goss, Donald

doi:10.1080/19424280.2019.1614098

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The sensors are connected to the Sensoria Core, a small, rigid electronics module that snaps into the dock located at the top of the sock. In comparison with a shoe-based inertial sensor and video analysis, the smart sock provided an excellent measure of cadence (ICC 0.91), speed (ICC 0.86), distance (ICC 0.86) and foot strike pattern (ICC 0.91) [ 136 ]. Fabric-embedded electrodes are used in the Athos Core compression garment designed to monitor muscle excitation alongside heart and breath rates.…”

Section: Commercialised Wearable Technologies For Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing: Current State, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Yang,

McErlain-Naylor,

Isaia

et al. 2024

Sensors

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E-textiles have emerged as a fast-growing area in wearable technology for sports and fitness due to the soft and comfortable nature of textile materials and the capability for smart functionality to be integrated into familiar sports clothing. This review paper presents the roles of wearable technologies in sport and fitness in monitoring movement and biosignals used to assess performance, reduce injury risk, and motivate training/exercise. The drivers of research in e-textiles are discussed after reviewing existing non-textile and textile-based commercial wearable products. Different sensing components/materials (e.g., inertial measurement units, electrodes for biosignals, piezoresistive sensors), manufacturing processes, and their applications in sports and fitness published in the literature were reviewed and discussed. Finally, the paper presents the current challenges of e-textiles to achieve practical applications at scale and future perspectives in e-textiles research and development.

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Section: Commercialised Wearable Technologies For Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing: Current State, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Yang,

McErlain-Naylor,

Isaia

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…However, when there was a change in the foot strike pattern combined with an increase in cadence, the anterior displacement of the center of pressure was significantly more pronounced, which suggested that the average location of the center of pressure along the longitudinal axis of the insole changed by 192.7% in relation to the baseline. According to Stoltenberg et al [71], the sensor-instrumented socks demonstrated moderate reliability for the detection of the foot strike pattern and excellent reliability in determining cadence. In a study by Musgierd et al [59] that used insoles with sensors to collect cadence and peak force, it was identified that a 7.3% increase in cadence generated a decrease in the peak force of 5.6%.…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Lower-cost Equipment For Alterations In Spa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Lower-Cost Strategies for Running Gait Retraining: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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The effectiveness of lower-cost equipment used for running gait retraining is still unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of lower-cost equipment used in running gait retraining in altering biomechanical outcomes that may be associated with injuries. The literature search included all documents from MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using an evaluation tool for cross-sectional studies. After screening 2167 initial articles, full-text screening was performed in 42 studies, and 22 were included in the systematic review. Strong evidence suggested that metronomes, smartwatches, and digital cameras are effective in running gait retraining programs as tools for intervention and/or evaluation of results when altering step cadence and foot strike patterns. Strong evidence was found on the effectiveness of accelerometers in interventions with feedback to reduce the peak positive acceleration (PPA) of the lower leg and/or footwear while running. Finally, we found a lack of studies that exclusively used lower-cost equipment to perform the intervention/assessment of running retraining.

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“…Cadence was preset to 180 steps/minute (McDougall, 2009;Diebal et al, 2012) and participants were provided cues when they dropped below 180 steps per minute for a percentage of the run. The socks have demonstrated moderate FSP reliability and excellent cadence reliability (Stoltenberg et al, 2019). An online account was generated for each participant to track usage of the socks.…”

Section: Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

Goss

Watson

Miller

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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A rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern with increased average vertical loading rates (AVLR) while running has been associated with injury. This study evaluated the ability of an instrumented sock, which provides real-time foot strike and cadence audio biofeedback, to transition previously injured military service members from a RFS to a non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) running pattern. Nineteen RFS runners (10 males, 9 females) were instructed to wear the instrumented socks to facilitate a change in foot strike while completing an independent walk-to-run progression and lower extremity exercise program. Kinetic data were collected during treadmill running while foot strike was determined using video analysis at initial (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3) data collections. Nearly all runners (18/19) transitioned to a NRFS pattern following intervention (8 ± 2.4 weeks after the initial visit). Most participants (16/18) maintained the transition at follow-up (5 ± 0.8 weeks after the post-intervention visit). AVLR of the involved and uninvolved limb decreased 29% from initial [54.7 ± 13.2 bodyweights per sec (BW/s) and 55.1 ± 12.7 BW/s] to post-intervention (38.7 ± 10.1 BW/s and 38.9 ± 10.0 BW/s), respectively. This effect persisted 5-weeks later at follow-up, representing an overall 30% reduction on the involved limb and 24% reduction on the uninvolved limb. Cadence increased from the initial to the post-intervention time-point (p = 0.045); however, this effect did not persist at follow-up (p = 0.08). With technology provided feedback from instrumented socks, approximately 90% of participants transitioned to a NRFS pattern, decreased AVLR, reduced stance time and maintained these running adaptations 5-weeks later.

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Validity of an instrumented sock and on-shoe sensor to provide biometric feedback to runners

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing: Current State, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing: Current State, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

Effectiveness of Lower-Cost Strategies for Running Gait Retraining: A Systematic Review

Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

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