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The recent discovery of the pivotal role of the central nervous system in controlling tumor initiation and progression has opened a new field of research. Increasing evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the brain and tumors. The brain influences the biological behavior of tumor cells through complex neural networks involving the peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system, whereas tumors can establish local autonomic and sensory neural networks to transmit signals into the central nervous system, thereby affecting brain activity. This review aims to summarize the latest research in brain–tumor cross-talk, exploring neural circuitries between the brain and various peripheral solid tumors, analyzing the roles in tumor development and the related molecular mediators and pathologic mechanisms, and highlighting the critical impact on the understanding of cancer biology. Enhanced understanding of reciprocal communication between the brain and tumors will establish a solid theoretical basis for further research and could open avenues for repurposing psychiatric interventions in cancer treatment.
The recent discovery of the pivotal role of the central nervous system in controlling tumor initiation and progression has opened a new field of research. Increasing evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the brain and tumors. The brain influences the biological behavior of tumor cells through complex neural networks involving the peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system, whereas tumors can establish local autonomic and sensory neural networks to transmit signals into the central nervous system, thereby affecting brain activity. This review aims to summarize the latest research in brain–tumor cross-talk, exploring neural circuitries between the brain and various peripheral solid tumors, analyzing the roles in tumor development and the related molecular mediators and pathologic mechanisms, and highlighting the critical impact on the understanding of cancer biology. Enhanced understanding of reciprocal communication between the brain and tumors will establish a solid theoretical basis for further research and could open avenues for repurposing psychiatric interventions in cancer treatment.
When threats are perceived, our thoughts and body respond almost immediately with defense reactions that may negatively affect us and others we know. Described are approaches that can interrupt negative stress responses and allow us to become calmer and less reactive by utilizing a set of somatic and breathing practices that assist in raising self-awareness as well as moderating the triggers and interrupting the cascades of stress reactions. Each of the specific practices can be introduced quickly, even in situations in which mental health first aid is indicated. For example, the practices introduce the S.O.S 1™ technique, an adapted Nyingma stress reduction exercise, and several breathing exercises, such as box breathing, sniff and sniff breathing, humming, and toning. The various practices are aimed at reducing or stopping over-reactive thoughts and body responses as well as increasing a sense of safety and control that allows you to think more clearly about difficult situations.
Primary (essential) hypertension includes about 90% of all cases of hypertension, and the treatment is symptomatic. As the response to the need for suppression of sympathetic activity in the regulation of hypertension, central antihypertensives have been developed, through central and peripheral adrenergic and non-adrenergic mechanisms, to affect the reduction of sympathetic nerve activity, inhibition of norepinephrine release, reduction of systemic vascular resistance, peripheral vasodilatation, reduction of heart rate and lowering of blood pressure. Moxonidine has been proven to be effective and safe, whether used as monotherapy or in combination in the treatment of hypertension in which sympathetic hyperactivity predominates, especially in patients with metabolic syndrome, obese patients, patients with prehypertension and stress induced hypertension with catecholamine hyperactivity
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