Validity of Self-Reported Periodontitis in Japanese Adults: The Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study for the Next-Generation Oral Health Study

Abstract

This study evaluated the validity of self-reported periodontitis measures among 2404 Japanese adults aged 40 to 75 years. A self-administered questionnaire survey and a clinical periodontal examination were conducted from 2013 through 2016. The self-reported periodontitis questions included 3 sociodemographic, 3 health, and 5 periodontal health–related items. Based on the clinical case definition of periodontitis, 26.5% of participants were found to be periodontally healthy, 2.7% had mild periodontitis, 55.2% moderate periodontitis, and 15.6% severe periodontitis. No single self-reported question demonstrated satisfactory validity in predicting the presence or absence of periodontitis. The predictive ability in mild and/or moderate periodontitis was poor even after combining multiple sociodemographic, health, and periodontal health-related questions. In severe periodontitis, the model including age, sex, education level, smoking status, diabetes history, body mass index, informed by a dentist, gingival bleeding, calculus deposit, and tooth mobility, presented moderate predictive performance (C-statistic: 0.676, sensitivity: 65.2%, and specificity: 61.1%). An age-stratified analysis on severe periodontitis showed that sensitivity was higher, and specificity was lower in older age group (60-75 years) than younger age group (40-59 years). Further refinement of questions in the self-report is required to increase the accuracy of the prediction of clinical periodontitis.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Reported Gingival Bleeding: A Multicenter Study in France

“…Systematic reviews evaluating the validity of a questionnaire and/or self-reported measures for periodontal diseases, including gingivitis screening, have concluded that self-perceived pathologies were somewhat more specific (SP) than sensitive (SN) [11,12]. The same results were recently found by Ueno et al and Saka-Herran et al [14,52], with higher specificity than sensitivity, even if sensitivity was remarkably high in the latter study. For a given item, sensitivity and specificity depend on the cut-off used to define the bleeding and on how the gingival bleeding is evaluated, which is specific to each study.…”

Detection of salivary citrullinated cytokeratin 13 in healthy individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis by proteomics analysis

“…All participants in this study showed negative screening results, as assessed by the authors, and showed no subjective symptoms of periodontal disease. Furthermore, in Japan, in the age group corresponding to the age group of the healthy individuals included in this study (median age: 31.0 years), only 32.4% individuals had periodontal pockets with depths of 4 mm or more [ 38 ]. Our identification of Cit-CK13 is unlikely to be related to periodontal disease, since it was detected in all healthy individuals.…”

Who to Be Treated: Nomogram Using Self-Reported Periodontal Screening Instrument among English-Speaking Adults in Multi-Ethnic Singapore

“…In addition, the DCA supports the use of the tool in identifying individuals with high risk of SP. Most of the published validation studies were conducted mainly in the Western population [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] with a few exceptions conducted in the East Asian population [ 27 , 28 ]. None has been conducted in a population such as ours, with a multi-ethnic mix of Chinese, Malays and Indians.…”

“…Since then, the validity of self-reporting for periodontitis has been tested in different Western populations [ 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], including high-risk populations in rural areas [ 24 ], African Americans [ 25 ] and post-partum women [ 26 ]. Very few studies have been carried out in Asian populations, mainly in China [ 27 ] and Japan [ 28 ]. In addition, validation studies based on the new periodontitis classification (World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions (WWC)) [ 29 ] are sparse [ 23 , 24 ].…”