“…The distinction of ipsative versus normative scored scales has long been recognized by methodologists (e.g., Cattell, 1944;Clemans, 1966;Gorsuch, 1974;Hicks, 1970;Kerlinger, 1973), and the benefits and limitations of each continue to be discussed in the literature of various areas of psychological inquiry including animal learning (e.g., Hurwitz & Davis, 1983), personal values and attributions (e.g., Maruyama, 1982;Thompson, Levitov, & Miederhoff, 1982), educational psychology (e.g., Merritt & Marshall, 1984 Stones & Webster, 1984), clinical psychology (e.g., Cooper & Kline, 1982;Fischer & Turner, 1978;Tornlin, et al, 1984), and personnel psychology (Johnson, Wood, & Blinkhorn, 1988;Saville & Willson, 1991;Tenopyr, 1988).…”