Valorisation, Green Extraction Development, and Metabolomic Analysis of Wild Artichoke By-Product Using Pressurised Liquid Extraction UPLC–HRMS and Multivariate Data Analysis

Abstract

Valorisation of food by-products has recently attracted considerable attention due to the opportunities to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of the food production chain. Large quantities of non-edible parts of the artichoke plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) comprising leaves, stems, roots, bracts, and seeds are discarded annually during industrial processing. These by-products contain many phytochemicals such as dietary fibres, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, whereby the most challenging issue concerns about the recovery of high-added value components from these by-products. The aim of this work is to develop a novel valorisation strategy for the sustainable utilisation of artichoke leaves’ waste, combining green pressurised-liquid extraction (PLE), spectrophotometric assays and UPLC–HRMS phytochemical characterization, to obtain bioactive-rich extract with high antioxidant capacity. Multivariate analysis of the major selected metabolites was used to compare different solvent extraction used in PLE.

LC-MS and GC-MS Data Fusion Metabolomics Profiling Coupled with Multivariate Analysis for the Discrimination of Different Parts of Faustrime Fruit and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity

“…The free radical scavenging activities of extracts were determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH • ) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate radical cation) (ABTS •+ ) by the slightly modified methods previously described [ 17 , 18 ]. For the determination of DPPH • scavenging activity, an aliquot (50 µL) of the extract (1 mg mL −1 ) or standard solution (2.5–10 µg mL −1 ) was added to 950 µL of prepared radical solution (0.14 mM).…”

Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) By-Products in Food Applications: Functional and Biological Properties

“…To avoid this, a suitable treatment to reduce or eliminate oxygen must be considered (for example, sonication could be an option). The high-speed process and the low solvent volume lead to a cost reduction, thus offsetting the potential instrument cost, which can be more expensive especially if the technology is able to reach high pressure values [36][37][38].…”

“…This allowed for overcoming the limitations of traditional technologies and reducing the reagent cost deriving from the by-products' re-use, also being time saving [31,32]. Regarding ABPs, the use of green solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, and natural deep eutectic solvents-NADES) [33] and the applications of heat treatment [13,32,34], microwaves (microwave-assisted extractions-MAE) [35], pressure (pressurized-liquid extraction-PLE or pressurized-hot water extraction-PHWE) [36][37][38], or ultrasounds (ultrasound-assisted extraction-UAE) [39][40][41], often combined, were explored, obtaining more rapid, efficient, and selective extraction processes potentially scalable at industrial level [24,32].…”

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Branches and Leaves by GC-MS and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities

“…The comparison of methanol extract components in Z. myriacanthum revealed a predominant abundance of flavonoids and alkaloids, accompanied by a lesser amount of alkaloids, amino acids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenes (Table 2). Specifically, the analysis of leaves identified 40 (19, 55, 60 and 64). The non-volatile components identified in the methanol extracts of Z. myriacanthum branches and leaves exhibited significant variations.…”