Valorisation of natural extracts from marine source focused on marine by-products: A review

Abstract

The wide chemical and biological diversity observed in the marine environment makes the ocean an extraordinary source of high added value compounds (HAVC) which can be employed in many applications. Minerals, lipids, amino acids, polysaccharides and proteins from marine sources have unique features and, surprisingly, their highest concentration is often found in parts of marine organisms that are commonly discarded. Fish heads, viscera, skin, tails, offal and blood, as well as seafood shells possess several HAVC suitable for human health applications, yet most end up as residues throughout the raw material processing. This review updates information on this issue and conveys critical analysis of the chief methodologies to carry out extraction, purification and eventual transformation, with a focus on their actual and potential applications.

Hemolymph proteins in marine crustaceans

“…It was fractionated and its various fractions were found to be rich in ninhydrin positive spot indicating the possibility of containing peptides. It was further confirmed by the presence of doublets in the region of its NMR spectrum [50] .…”

Aquatic-Derived Biomaterials for a Sustainable Future: A European Opportunity

“…In most cases, from bio-based substrates, it is also possible to extract fine chemicals, such as particular drugs and/or pharmaceuticals difficult to obtain by classical synthetic routes from traditional organic chemistry [21,28,29]. In this context, the valorization of aquatic-derived substances as possible feedstocks for the production of bio-based materials is a very attractive solution which, in those years, caught the attention of worldwide researchers and experts [1,4,30,31]. In particular, as widely-reported by Kerton et al [1], more than 70% of our planet surface is covered by oceans and other aquatic environments, which potentially offer a wide variety of different biomasses, namely plants (mostly algae) and (in)vertebrates (i.e., basically crustacean and mollusk waste shells and other residues from fish farms).…”

Alkaline trypsin from the viscera and heads of Engraulis anchoita : partial purification and characterization

“…Approximately 60% of the enzymes used in the industrial bioprocesses are proteases (Ferraro et al, 2010;Salazar-Leyva et al, 2014). Therefore, an intensive effort was done to develop isolation and purification methods for fish proteolytic enzymes.…”

“…Pepsin and trypsin are the most important proteolytic enzymes obtained from aquatic invertebrates. This is because they are, among other things, widely used in different bioprocesses such as meat tenderization, wastewater treatment, or production of laundry detergents (Simpson, 2000;Castillo-Yańez et al, 2005;Shahidi, 2007;Klomklao and Songklanakarin, 2008;Ferraro et al, 2010;Rawdkuen et al, 2012;Ferraro et al, 2013;Blanco et al, 2014).…”