“…Until now, the functioning and the sustainability of DC guaranteed schemes have not been adequately explored, since previous analysis on this topic is basically theoretical. In particular, a number of research works analyze the risk related to guaranteed pension funds (Broeders et al ., 2013; Broeders and Chen, 2013) or estimate the theoretical cost of different type of guarantees (Pennacchi, 1998, 1999; Biggs et al ., 2009; Munnel et al . 2009; Grande and Visco, 2010; Antolìn et al ., 2011).…”