“…In this vein, these findings are consistent with prior studies [31,84,107], which stated that although R&D investments are carried out with the purpose of obtaining innovation outputs and, therefore, enhancing firm performance, they imply substantial investments in sunk costs due to their expenditure nature [108,109]. Thus, the results support that R&D expenses, as an investment decision, reduce the firms' operating result, and thereby, the performance outcomes, because of the decrease in cash flow at the time of investment [47,48,50].…”