Value of Complex Carbohydrates in Diets of Normal Children

Macy, Icie G.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010140003001

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In individuals with an intact colon, ingestion of hemicelluloses has been shown to increase the dry weight and the wet weight of the stools (Williams and Olmsted, 1936;Macy et al, 1943) with an increase in the small amount of water normally lost from the colon. This study shows that Isogel has a similar effect on the ileostomy effluent, increasing the ileostomy loss of water and electrolytes rather than taking up water which would otherwise have been excreted in a more fluid effluent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on ileostomy function

Newton¹

1978

Gut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe effect on ileostomy function of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, or Isogel was tested in 20 subjects at home living a normal life, studied over two three-day periods on and off treatment. Codeine phosphate 60 mg three times daily was associated with a reduction in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, and potassium (p < 0 05). The proportion of faecal solids increased on codeine and the effluent appeared thicker but the output of faecal solids remained unchanged. Mean.faecal fat increased on codeine. The transit rate from mouth to stoma was slower in four of the five subjects on codeine and a further two subjects withdrew from the trial with temporary intestinal obstruction while on the drug. Lomotil two tablets three times daily was associated with a small and statistically not quite significant fall in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy output of water. Sodium and potassium outputs in the effluent fell on Lomotil (p < 0 05) but the other parameters remained unchanged. Isogel 15 ml three times daily was associated with an increase in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, potassium, and faecal solids (p < 0-01). Although the effluent looked more viscid on Isogel, the proportion of faecal solids was unchanged. These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested. By contrast, Isogel increases the ileostomy loss of water and electrolytes and will aggravate their depletion in patients with excessive fluid effluents. The increase in faecal fat associated with taking codeine phosphate suggests that it should be stopped before collecting specimens for faecal fat estimations.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on ileostomy function

Newton¹

1978

Gut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Macy, Hummel, and Shepherd (29) found the ability of different subjects to decompose fiber varied widely, but less variation occurred with older children. This was the result of roentgenographic studies of gastrointestinal tracts to determine rate of passage of food residue.…”

Section: Factors Conditioning Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter VI: Physical Growth from Birth to Maturity

Ames¹,

Flory²

1944

Review of Educational Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IN THIS REVIEW investigations have been selected which seem to represent the present emphasis both as to areas studied and methods or technics used. The Curve of GrowthThe present emphasis seems to be not so much the establishment and comparison of group growth curves, but rather the establishment and analysis of individual growth curves from well-planned, carefully controlled long-time studies of large numbers of individuals. Wolff (54,55) in the Hagerstown, Maryland, study made yearly measurements from 1937 to 1940 of a large group of girls and boys. He concluded that it is not so much sex differences but growing height which determines weight. None of the three indexes used remained constant over the whole growth period. He concluded that growth cannot be measured by the same heightweight ratio at different ages.Wolff (55) also discussed the tendency for recent child population groups to show an increase in weight. He noted smaller families as a possible explanation; also that, in Washington County, higher socio-economic groups since 1920 have contributed a larger proportion of children than in former years.Robinow (40) established norms for the variability of weight and height increments from birth to six years of age. Since no sex differences were present he combined the data into one set of norms. During the first year of life the ratio of growth decreased rapidly and height was less variable than weight as regards increments.Vickers and Stuart (47) have recognized the relation of body size, proportions, and rate of growth to physical health and fitness, and have pointed out the importance of periodic observations to prevent retardation. They suggested three measurements: (a) body weight, (b) height (recumbent length), and (c) breadth of chest and pelvis (recumbent) as being most useful to the pediatrician.

show abstract

“…In infants especially, carbohydrate intolerance of a primary or a secondary nature is well recognized (Kumar et al 1977;Lifshitz, 1982). The energy conversion factors determined in adults, while not necessarily applicable to the very young, appear suitable for normal children (Macy, 1942;Macy et al 1943). The factors are considered applicable to normal adults, and obese and anorexic subjects seem not to differ from normal with respect to digestibility of total energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate (Heymsfield et al 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of energy density with conventional foods and artificial feeds

Livesey

1991

proc nutr soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The energy densities of conventional foods (Paul & Southgate, 1978) and artificial feeds (Livesey & Elia, 1985~) are usually calculated from their compositions, i.e. protein, fat and carbohydrate contents, and the energy conversion factors for these components. Most often the factors are metabolizable energy (ME) values; that is an amount of energy thought useful for doing physical or metabolic work. This quantity has been formally equated to the difference in the heat of combustion of food and excreta, faeces and urine, for subjects in nitrogen balance. In animal nutrition (Agricultural Research Council, 1980; Blaxter, 1989) excreta also includes the combustible gases hydrogen and methane, but in human nutrition these losses are usually small and ignored. Energy conversion factors for substrates which undergo fermentation in the human large intestine, the sugar alcohols (Dutch Nutrition Council, 1987) and certain complex carbohydrates (British Nutrition Foundation, 1990) required a different approach. In these cases net energy (NE) values for physical and metabolic work were derived. These values exclude: losses of combustible energy in gases, losses of energy to heat of fermentation (spent on the growth and maintenance of colonic micro-organisms) and losses of energy, relative to glucose or sucrose, on producing ATP during the oxidation of short-chain fatty acids (the products of carbohydrate fermentation absorbed from the colon).To prevent confusion it is important to distinguish between values for NE, ME, heat of combustion or gross energy (GE) and digestible energy (DE), in human nutrition the last usually discounts losses to faeces only. This distinction is made here by including abbreviations with units. When the values (NE, ME, DE, GE) are thought to be similar more than one abbreviation may appear with the units. Here NE always refers to energy useful for physical and metabolic work and should not be confused with values used in animal production such as NE for growth, reproduction, lactation etc. (Blaxter, 1989). Further, in modern scientific works it is preferable to use kJ rather than kcal, an exception is made here because of the historical perspective on which the review is built.Presently, there remains only one well-established energy loss not embodied in an officially recognized food energy assessment system; it is the loss due to urea synthesis available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi

show abstract

Value of Complex Carbohydrates in Diets of Normal Children

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on ileostomy function

Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on ileostomy function

Chapter VI: Physical Growth from Birth to Maturity

Determinants of energy density with conventional foods and artificial feeds

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About