Value of HAVOC and Brown ESUS-AF scores for atrial fibrillation on implantable cardiac monitors after embolic stroke of undetermined source

Patent foramen oval and ESUS in cryptogenic stroke: Still a complex puzzle

“…7 In the absence of subclinical AF detected by prolonged ECG monitoring, potential causes of ESUS include atrial cardiomyopathy, left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, aortic plaques, and PFO. 8 However, 1 in 7 young ESUS patients has additional chronic ischemic lesions. These lesions were associated with several vascular risk factors, lower probability of a pathogenic PFO, and lower stroke recurrence.…”