Values of UV- and global radiation in the northern Alps

Abstract

Radiation values of the solar spectral range are represented over a period of 5 years at three neighboring, vertically graduated stations at 740, 1780, and 1964 m a.s.1, in the mountains (Bavarian Alps). Additional to global radiation the UV-radiation in the range from 310 to 340 nm and the daily sunshine duration are recorded.

Radioactivity in the Atmosphere

“…Fig. 2 shows monthly mean activity concentrations for 21 "Pb from Fribourg, Switzerland [37] and Neuherberg, Germany [36] for the time period 1973-1981. Both locations are on the northern side of the Alps at a distance of 360 km.…”

“…Especially during the summer period convective vertical transport from nearby valleys cause an increase of the local activity concentrations ( Fig. 1) [15,21], 222 Rn activity concentrations reach values of about 10 to 100 mBq/m 3 (STP) in the tropopause and lower stratosphere [20,22,23]. However, it was found that advective transport of radon-rich air from the boundary layer can reach the upper troposphere [24] or even the stratosphere [22] nuclide 2U) Pb (T U1 = 22 years).…”

Environmental Cues to UV Radiation and Personal Sun Protection in Outdoor Winter Recreation

“…23,24 In the cloudier, humid weather of the Alps UV radiation increases 24% per thousand meters or 7% per thousand feet. 20 One study found UV increased up to 19% for each thousand meters or about 5% for each thousand feet 28 and another reported that UV increased 10% per vertical kilometer. 27 Regardless of the exact increase in UV studies all show that altitude, clear air, and reflected UV from snow make the alpine environment dangerous.…”

“…In temperate latitudes, UV peaks on the summer solstice and is lowest at the winter solstice, 19 though indirect, diffuse UV can be high in winter. 17,20,15 UV peaks at solar noon and is highest at low latitudes. 14 Likewise, solar radiation is considerably greater at high elevations rather than sea level.…”

“…14 Likewise, solar radiation is considerably greater at high elevations rather than sea level. 21,15,16,22,23,24,20,25,26,27 In the clear, dry air of the Andes UV radiation increases by 15% for each thousand meters or 5% for each thousand feet in elevation gain. 23,24 In the cloudier, humid weather of the Alps UV radiation increases 24% per thousand meters or 7% per thousand feet.…”