Valuing Urban Tree Impacts on Precipitation Partitioning

Nowak, David J.; Coville, Robert C.; Endreny, Theodore A.; Abdi, Reza; Stan, John T. Van

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_15

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…A previous study by Zhou et al (2019) revealed that rapid urbanization was found to be the main contributor of the increment of annual surface runoff by about 413%. The accelerated runoff in the urban area is due to the hindering of water in ltration by impervious surfaces (Nowak et al, 2020). Thus, this impact on the hydrological cycle leads to an increase in the volume of surface runoff and peak ow which compromises the capacity of drainage systems to temporarily accommodate a signi cant volume of storm runoff (Liu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, properly installed GI in the built-up areas can play paramount role to reduce the runoff and peak ow as it promotes water in ltration, evaporation, and on-site utilization of water (Liu et al, 2014). The processes of reducing runoff by trees and shrubs according to Nowak et al (2020) are canopy interception, in ltration, water evaporation from the ground surface, and transpiration from leaves. However, all GI elements and tree species are not equally important in stormwater runoff management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Gebreyesus

Habtemariam

Mengistu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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A considerable area of land has been turned into a built surface due to urbanization in Ethiopia. Storm-runoff is the impact of land conversion into built areas, which is a threat every rain season in Hawassa city. GI-based urban planning plays a prominent role in runoff management. However, the potential benefit of GI remains unexplored in Ethiopia. This research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of GI to alleviate stormwater runoff that cities have been suffering from. The i-Tree Eco model with pre-stratified random sampling techniques was employed to analyze the hydrological benefits of GI by considering the vegetation structural variables. The ArcGIS was further used to demonstrate the spatial distributions of annually avoided runoff and potential sites across the study area. The study shows that the total number of trees in the study area is 576,224, which contributes to 20.7% of tree coverage in the city. These trees annually intercepted 1,376,132.8 m3 water and avoided 288,372 m3yr-1 runoff, and in turn economically valued at $680,558 USD. However, the GI elements had different runoff reduction efficiency, according to the morpho-functional characteristics of tree species. GI types with large trees, high leaf area, and high number of broadleaved trees were more efficient. Stormwater runoff could be maximized through the incorporation of adequate GI coverage at the planning stage and proper execution on the ground. Hence, this research is expected to make planners and policymakers rethink the integration of GI with the spatial planning of cities in Ethiopia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Gebreyesus

Habtemariam

Mengistu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Depending on the vegetation and storm conditions, interception can be small per unit area (David et al, 2006) or return half the annual precipitation to the atmosphere (Alavi et al, 2001). In this way, canopy interception can evaporatively cool regions (Davies-Barnard et al, 2014), recycle moisture to generate nearby storms (van der Ent et al, 2014) and reduce stormwater runoff to save millions of dollars (US) in stormwater infrastructure costs (Nowak et al, 2020). Throughfall is the water that drips to the surface through gaps or from canopy surfaces, whereas stemflow is the water that drains down plant stems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall interception and redistribution by a common North American understory and pasture forb, <i>Eupatorium capillifolium</i> (Lam. dogfennel)

Gordon

Coenders-Gerrits

Sellers

et al. 2020

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In vegetated landscapes, rain must pass through plant canopies and litter to enter soils. As a result, some rainwater is returned to the atmosphere (i.e., interception, I) and the remainder is partitioned into a canopy (and gap) drip flux (i.e., throughfall) or drained down the stem (i.e., stemflow). Current theoretical and numerical modeling frameworks for this process are almost exclusively based on data from woody overstory plants. However, herbaceous plants often populate the understory and are the primary cover for important ecosystems (e.g., grasslands and croplands). This study investigates how overstory throughfall (PT,o) is partitioned into understory I, throughfall (PT) and stemflow (PS) by a dominant forb in disturbed urban forests (as well as grasslands and pasturelands), Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam., dogfennel). Dogfennel density at the site was 56 770 stems ha−1, enabling water storage capacities for leaves and stems of 0.90±0.04 and 0.43±0.02 mm, respectively. As direct measurement of PT,o (using methods such as tipping buckets or bottles) would remove PT,o or disturb the understory partitioning of PT,o, overstory throughfall was modeled (PT,o′) using on-site observations of PT,o from a previous field campaign. Relying on modeled PT,o′, rather than on observations of PT,o directly above individual plants means that significant uncertainty remains with respect to (i) small-scale relative values of PT and PS and (ii) factors driving PS variability among individual dogfennel plants. Indeed, PS data from individual plants were highly skewed, where the mean PS:PT,o′ per plant was 36.8 %, but the median was 7.6 % (2.8 %–27.2 % interquartile range) and the total over the study period was 7.9 %. PS variability (n=30 plants) was high (CV > 200 %) and may hypothetically be explained by fine-scale spatiotemporal patterns in actual overstory throughfall (as no plant structural factors explained the variability). The total PT:PT,o′ was 71 % (median PT:PT,o′ per gauge was 72 %, with a 59 %–91 % interquartile range). Occult precipitation (mixed dew and light rain events) occurred during the study period, revealing that dogfennel can capture and drain dew to their stem base as PS. Dew-induced PS may help explain dogfennel's improved invasion efficacy during droughts (as it tends to be one of the most problematic weeds in the improved grazing systems in the southeastern US). Overall, dogfennel's precipitation partitioning differed markedly from the site's overstory trees (Pinus palustris), and a discussion of the limited literature suggests that these differences may exist across vegetated ecosystems. Thus, more research on herbaceous plant canopy interactions with precipitation is merited.

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“…An ecohydrologist with a special interest in urban environments is intrigued by the potential stormwater ecosystem services provided by such urban tree rows. (The significance of urban tree rows in mitigating stormwater runoff, enhancing water quality, and thereby potentially alleviating the burden on urban drainage systems is currently thought to strongly merit attention [37,48]). The scientist is undecided regarding the relevance of stemflow to the project.…”

Section: Whence Stemflow?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Fundamental Challenges to the Advancement of Stemflow Research and Its Integration into Natural Science

Van Stan,

Pinos

2023

Water

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Plant canopies divert a portion of precipitation to the base of their stems through “stemflow”, a phenomenon that influences the canopy water balance, soil microbial ecology, and intrasystem nutrient cycling. However, a comprehensive integration of stemflow into theoretical and numerical models in natural science remains limited. This perspective examines three unresolved, fundamental questions hindering this integration, spanning the canopy to the soil. First, the precise source area within the canopy that generates stemflow is undefined. Thus, we asked, “whence stemflow?” Current common assumptions equate it to the entire tree canopy, a potentially misleading simplification that could affect our interpretation of stemflow variability. Second, we asked what are the various conditions contributing to stemflow generation—beyond rain, to dew and intercepted ice melt—and could the exclusion of these volumes consequently obscure an understanding of the broader implications of stemflow? Third, we explored ”whither stemflow?” This question extends beyond how much stemflow infiltrates where, into what uptakes it and from where. Addressing these questions is constrained by current observational and analytical methods. Nevertheless, by confronting these challenges, the stemflow research community stands to make significant strides in comprehending this unique hydrological component and situating it within the broader context of natural science.

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Valuing Urban Tree Impacts on Precipitation Partitioning

Cited by 18 publications

References 67 publications

WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Rainfall interception and redistribution by a common North American understory and pasture forb, <i>Eupatorium capillifolium</i> (Lam. dogfennel)

Three Fundamental Challenges to the Advancement of Stemflow Research and Its Integration into Natural Science

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Valuing Urban Tree Impacts on Precipitation Partitioning

Cited by 18 publications

References 67 publications

WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

WITHDRAWN: Rethinking Urban Planning from the Perspective of Nature-based Stormwater Runoff Management in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Rainfall interception and redistribution by a common North American understory and pasture forb, &lt;i&gt;Eupatorium capillifolium&lt;/i&gt; (Lam. dogfennel)

Three Fundamental Challenges to the Advancement of Stemflow Research and Its Integration into Natural Science

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Rainfall interception and redistribution by a common North American understory and pasture forb, <i>Eupatorium capillifolium</i> (Lam. dogfennel)