“…[141] Notably, changes in H 2 O 2 has been shown to affect the activity of protein kinases and protein phosphatases, mainly via the oxidation of active site cysteines in phosphatases, thus inactivating them. [142] The ability of rNZs to mimic the activity of a broad range of enzymes including catalases (e.g., CeO 2 , [143] Mn 3 O 4 , [144] ZrO 2 [46] ), oxidases (e.g., CeO 2 , [145] CuO 2 , [146] MnFe 2 O 4 , [147] Fe 2 O 3 , [148] ZnO, [149] TiO 2 , [150] V 2 O 5 [49] ), dismutases (e.g., CeO 2 , [70] MnO 2 , [101] Mn 3 O 4 , [151] Fe 3 O 4 [152] ), peroxidases (e.g., CeO 2 , [153] Fe 3 O 4 , [154] V 2 O 5 , [155] MnO 2 , [156] ZnO, [157] CuO, [52] TiO 2 , [150] ZrO 2 [46,47] ), Adenosine Triphosphate-ases (e.g., CeO 2 ), [158,159] and phosphatases (e.g., CeO 2 , [160] FeO x [161] ) has been well established. As such, and due to this surface enzyme-mimetic activity, rNZs have the capacity to participate in a multitude of biologically important reactions.…”