Vancomycin dosing, monitoring and toxicity: Critical review of the clinical practice

Abstract

Summary Vancomycin is an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug‐resistant Gram‐positive bacteria, especially methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In the last decades, vancomycin has been widely used in hospital environments due to the increasing incidence of sepsis and septic shock. Sepsis may lead to multiple organ failure; it is considered a risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), with an overall mortality rate of around 45%, which can reach the surprising rate of 70% with the combination of AKI and sepsis. Considering the high mortality rate of sepsis and its related costs of hospitalization and treatment, specific measures should be adopted, such as early‐goal treatment protocols: proper and early administration of antimicrobials, fluids, vasoactive drugs and transfusion support. Besides the careful selection of the antimicrobial, another concern related to critically ill patients is the proper dose of the antimicrobial, since pharmacokinetic changes are observed due to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Gram‐positive pathogens are very common in hospitalized patients with septic shock, so vancomycin has been the antimicrobial of choice for more than 60 years. However, discussions about its dosage, administration and monitoring are extremely important, considering the risk of nephrotoxicity and the emergence of resistant S. aureus. This narrative review aims to discuss controversial aspects related to the efficacy and safety of vancomycin, correlating them with data available in the literature and identifying knowledge gaps in guide future lines of research.

Acute Kidney Injury in Septic Patients Treated by Selected Nephrotoxic Antibiotic Agents—Pathophysiology and Biomarkers—A Review

“…and Eubacterium sp. Its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are time-dependent, but according to recommendations for vancomycin treatment, the best parameter for evaluating its efficacy is the ratio of the 24 h area under the curve (AUC) to the minimum inhibitory concentration of AUC/MIC ≥400 mg.h/L with an MIC of pathogen <2 mg/L [ 37 , 38 ]. Vancomycin is not metabolized in the human body and is eliminated renally by glomerular filtration.…”

The protective effect of lycopene supplement against vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity; a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

“…Future studies are recommended to investigate the cellular and molecular aspects of the effects of lycopene on nephrotoxicity. Moreover, similar studies that use more specific renal biomarkers (e.g., neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) are necessary to make a definite statement about the nephroprotective effects of lycopene as these biomarkers differentiate impairment of glomerular filtration from that of tubular damage (25,26).…”

Antimicrobial peptides-An alternative candidates to antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic-resistant strains

“…However, vancomycin can cause severe renal toxicity when used at extremely high concentrations. The toxicity also depends on the length of the treatments [157,158]. Therefore, the infection by these resistant strains is becoming more difficult to treat.…”