Vapor density and electron density determination during high-current anode phenomena in vacuum arcs

Khakpour, Alireza; Methling, Ralf; Franke, St.; Gortschakow, Sergey; Uhrlandt, Dirk

doi:10.1063/1.5057753

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When the arc current is high enough, the energy flux directed from the arc column to the anode can heat the electrode surface to a sufficiently high temperature, leading to significant anode evaporation into the arc column [1]. The arc parameters and the arc appearance with an active anode have been studied mainly by means of optical emission spectroscopy [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and analysis of the arc images obtained from a high-speed camera [8][9][10]. Based on these studies, the anode activity is divided into several high-current anode modes, namely diffuse, footpoint, anode spot and anode plume mode [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of transient anode surface temperature in vacuum arc

Yang¹,

Wang²,

Gortschakow³

2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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In this paper, the spatial-temporal evolution of the anode temperature in the vacuum arc during the formation of an anode spot is investigated by numerical simulation and experiments. A transient self-consistent model is established to calculate the arc parameters and the anode temperature. The simulations predict that the maximum anode temperature always occurs after the current peak. Ion density and atom density at the anode side increase significantly during the formation of the anode spot. In the anode spot mode, more evaporated anode material comes into the arc column, leading to higher plasma temperature around the spot. The anode vapor can reduce the energy flux from the plasma to the anode center, providing more uniform anode temperature distribution and correspondingly smoother plasma parameter distributions in the vicinity of the anode center. In addition, a higher Cr fraction in the electrodes can result in a higher anode temperature. Near-infrared spectroscopy and high-speed camera thermography are used to study the anode temperature experimentally in order to verify the simulation results. A reasonable agreement was found.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of transient anode surface temperature in vacuum arc

Yang¹,

Wang²,

Gortschakow³

2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…After 5 ms, with the decrease of arc current and anode temperature, the arc column becomes dark. In the experimental research [1,4], the abrupt jump in the light emission could be seen during the transition between the anode spot type I to the anode spot type II. This is because of the interaction between the anode vapor and the arc column.…”

Section: Comparison With Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…When the anode temperature is high enough, significant amount of anode vapor will be emitted into the arc column [1]. The anode activity is characterized by different modes, those are diffuse, footpoint, anode spot and anode plume modes [2][3][4]. For the diagnostics of vacuum arc with pronounced anode activity, optical emission spectroscopy was widely used in some experimental research [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anode activity is characterized by different modes, those are diffuse, footpoint, anode spot and anode plume modes [2][3][4]. For the diagnostics of vacuum arc with pronounced anode activity, optical emission spectroscopy was widely used in some experimental research [4][5][6]. The anode temperature is an essential factor which influences the anode phenomena [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical investigation on transient arc characteristics and anode surface temperature considering the electrode movement

Yang¹,

Wang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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This work investigates the transient anode temperature and plasma parameters considering the electrode movement and the arc expansion. A transient self-consistent model is established using the dynamic mesh approach. Two cases with different maximum arc currents, representing various anode activity, have been studied. The simulations predict significant changes in spatial distribution of species densities, electron temperature and anode surface temperature in case with the anode spot formation. Furthermore, the influence of opening velocity on the plasma parameters has been studied numerically. The model was validated by comparison with experimental data for anode surface temperature as well as spectrally filtered arc images. Results of this comparison are presented and discussed.

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“…The same correction method used in Figure 4 is applied here. There are sharp copper atomic lines at 510.5, 515.3, and 521.8 nm that are known to have very high transition probabilities and are often used for temperature analysis [24,27]. Some of the ionic transition lines of copper are detected at 535.7, 507.2, 505.1, 501, 498.5, and 529.2 nm which are weaker than atomic ones.…”

Section: B Oes 1) Spectral Bandwidthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Investigation of Metal Content in Prestrike Arc During Making Operation in a Low-Current Model Switch

Dorraki

Niayesh

2020

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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Energy dissipation during pre-strike arc is the critical factor for electrical contacts erosion and welding in medium voltage load break switches. Using air-filled devices as an alternative to SF6, makes the switch environmentally friendly, but leads to a more challenging process due to a higher pre-strike arcing time between contacts. Therefore, understanding the erosion process of electrical contacts is crucial to improve the switch lifetime. Determination of contacts surface evaporation by optical emission spectroscopy is one of the most precise methods to investigate the pre-strike arc interface with the contacts. In this paper, the temporal and spatial profiles of copper and tungsten emitted species during pre-strike arc are presented. For this purpose, a circuit consisting of a synthetic DC high voltage part is used to initiate the arc. The temporal evolution of CuI, CuII, and WI shows evaporation of the cathode and the anode surfaces during the pre-strike arc, and the spatial profiles show an inhomogeneous distribution of the vapors alongside the arc root.

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Vapor density and electron density determination during high-current anode phenomena in vacuum arcs

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of transient anode surface temperature in vacuum arc

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of transient anode surface temperature in vacuum arc

Numerical investigation on transient arc characteristics and anode surface temperature considering the electrode movement

Spectroscopic Investigation of Metal Content in Prestrike Arc During Making Operation in a Low-Current Model Switch

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